van Kleef E, Fischer AR, Khan M, Frewer LJ. · 2010
Researchers conducted a qualitative study with 13 Bangladeshi citizens and a survey with 500 citizens. The results showed that perceived benefits, mainly social and personal advantages like receiving emergency disaster news, outweighed the risks. Overall risk perceptions were low, especially health risks, and were driven more by crime and social inconvenience concerns. Base stations were viewed as a symbol of societal advance. The authors concluded that risk communication may be more effective when societal contextual factors are considered.
Meo SA, Al-Drees AM, Husain S, Khan MM, Imran MB · 2010
Researchers used 34 male Wistar albino rats divided into a control group and two groups exposed to mobile phone radiation for 30 or 60 minutes daily for three months. The 60-minute daily exposure group showed a significant decrease in serum testosterone compared to controls (p=0.028).
Joseph W, Verloock L. · 2010
The study compared mobile phone traffic patterns with radiofrequency exposure from base stations at five sites over seven days. Periods of high exposure matched periods of high traffic during each day. The researchers determined how long measurements must last to accurately estimate weekly maximum and average exposure. They found that required measurement periods can be very long, so they proposed a new calculation method using normalized traffic data.
Fragopoulou AF, Koussoulakos SL, Margaritis LH. · 2010
Physically comparable pregnant mice were exposed to GSM 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation from a mobile phone. Within 5h after birth most pups were fixed and processed with double staining and paraffin histology, while other pups remained with their mothers until teeth eruption. Exposed newborns appeared normal externally, but histological examination revealed variations in cranial bone and rib ossification and displacement of Meckelian cartilage.
Franzellitti S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells to 1.8 GHz continuous wave and GSM signals for 4, 16, or 24 hours. The GSM-Talk signal used an intermittent pattern of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off. The alkaline comet assay measured primary DNA damage and strand breaks from incomplete repair. Amplitude-modulated GSM-217 Hz and GSM-Talk signals significantly increased comet parameters after 16 and 24 hours, while continuous wave did not. DNA damage recovered within 2 hours after exposure ended, returning to sham-exposed levels.
Tomruk A, Guler G, Dincel AS. · 2010
Researchers exposed nonpregnant and pregnant New Zealand White rabbits to whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation for 15 minutes per day over one week. Liver 8-OHdG levels did not differ between exposed and control rabbits in either the adult or newborn groups. However, MDA and FOX levels were significantly higher in exposed adult rabbits, and FOX was also elevated in newborns of exposed mothers.
Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH · 2010
Researchers examined whether the bioactivity windows for GSM 900 and 1800 MHz radiation depend on field intensity by measuring reproductive capacity in Drosophila melanogaster. They compared insects exposed at the window distances (30 cm for GSM 900, 20 cm for GSM 1800) to insects exposed closer (8 cm and 5 cm) behind a metal grid that shielded microwave and ELF fields while keeping intensities roughly equal. The decrease in reproductive capacity did not differ significantly between the two exposure groups. The bioactivity window seems to be due to the intensity of radiation-field (10 microW/cm(2), 0.6-0.7 V/m) at those distances.
Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Margaritis LH · 2010
Researchers exposed adult Drosophila melanogaster to GSM 900/1800 mobile phone antenna radiation at distances from 0 to 100 cm and measured reproductive capacity and cell death in the gonads using the TUNEL assay. The radiation decreased reproductive capacity by inducing cell death at all distances tested. The effect was strongest at 20-30 cm (radiation intensity around 10 microW/cm(2)), diminished considerably beyond 40-50 cm, and was not evident beyond 1 m or below 1 microW/cm(2).
Kim BC, Park SO. · 2010
Researchers measured human exposure to CDMA800 and CDMA1800 signals at 50 locations across Korea where the general public had expressed concern. Measurement positions were within approximately 32 to 422 m of the nearest base station at each site. The measured exposure levels were very low compared with the international standard and the Korean human protection notice, with the highest field level at 1.5 V/m.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Martens L. · 2010
Researchers measured radiofrequency exposure from multiple sources, including LTE cellular base stations, at 30 locations in Stockholm, Sweden. LTE exposure levels reached up to 0.8 V/m, and the LTE signal accounted for an average of 4% of the total RF exposure measured. Total exposures ranged from 0.2 to 2.6 V/m and satisfied ICNIRP reference levels at every location.
Frei P et al. · 2010
Researchers collected personal exposimeter measurements during one week and diary data from 166 study participants to evaluate different methods of assessing radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure. The mean personal exposure was 0.13 mW/m(2) when measurements during personal phone calls were excluded and 0.15 mW/m(2) when such measurements were included. Self-estimated exposure and geo-coded distance turned out to be poor surrogates for personal exposure.
Findlay RP, Dimbylow PJ. · 2010
Researchers calculated specific energy absorption rate (SAR) values in a 10-year-old sitting voxel model from exposure to electromagnetic fields at 2.4 and 5 GHz, frequencies commonly used by Wi-Fi devices. Both plane-wave exposure and irradiation from antennas in the near field were investigated for a variety of exposure conditions. In all situations studied, the calculated SAR values were considerably below basic restrictions.
Balmori A. · 2010
Researchers exposed eggs and tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria) to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone antennae located 140 meters away for two months, from the egg phase until an advanced tadpole phase. The exposed group of 70 tadpoles showed low coordination of movements, asynchronous growth, and 90% mortality. A control group of 70 tadpoles kept under the same conditions inside a Faraday cage showed normal movement coordination, synchronous development, and only 4.2% mortality. The researchers concluded that radiation from phone masts in a real situation may affect development and may cause an increase in mortality of exposed tadpoles.
Augner C et al. · 2010
Researchers tested whether RF-EMF emitted by mobile phone base stations may affect salivary alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A, and cortisol levels. Fifty-seven participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental scenarios, and each participant went through five 50-minute exposure sessions. When exposure shifted from low to high in scenario 3, an increase of cortisol was detected, and IgA concentration was not significantly related to the exposure. The researchers suggested that RF-EMF in considerably lower field densities than ICNIRP guidelines may influence certain psychobiological stress markers.
Ozgur E, Güler G, Seyhan N. · 2010
Researchers exposed guinea pigs to an 1800-MHz GSM-modulated signal at a whole body SAR of 0.38 W/kg for 10 or 20 minutes per day for seven days to study oxidative damage in the liver. After exposure, significant increases in malondialdehyde and total nitric oxide levels were observed, along with decreases in several antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver. The extent of oxidative damage was found to be proportional to the duration of exposure, and both NAC and EGCG were found to protect liver tissue against this damage.
Grigor'ev IuG et al. · 2010
Hao Y, Yang X, Chen C, Yuan-Wang, Wang X, Li M, Yu Z · 2010
Researchers exposed murine N9 microglial cells to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields and examined several molecular markers of cell activation. After exposure, a significant increase of STAT3 DNA-binding ability was noted, and EMF rapidly induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and activated JAK1 and JAK2. Transcription levels of the inflammation-associated genes iNOS and TNF-alpha also increased after EMF exposure. When a JAK inhibitor called P6 was applied, it reduced induction of iNOS and TNF-alpha, nuclear factor binding activity, and activation of STAT3 in EMF-stimulated microglia.
Ammari M et al. · 2010
This study measured glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in 48 rat brains to evaluate reactive astrocytosis after sub-chronic head-only exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field signal. Rats were exposed either for 45 minutes per day at a SAR of 1.5 W/kg or for 15 minutes per day at a SAR of 6 W/kg, five days per week over an eight-week period. Compared to sham-treated rats, exposed rats showed an increase in GFAP levels in different brain areas, measured three and ten days after treatment.
Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2010
Wistar rats were exposed to microwaves for 2 hours a day for 45 days at either 10 GHz or 50 GHz, and blood cells and serum were then analyzed. The exposed rats showed micronuclei formation and a significant increase in ROS production, along with significant changes in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels. The researchers concluded that microwave exposure may be effective at the genetic level and suggested this may indicate tumor promotion through overproduction of reactive oxygen species.
Billaudel B, Taxile M, Ruffie G, Veyret B, Lagroye I. · 2009
Researchers exposed murine L-929 fibroblasts to DAMPS and GSM signals at various SARs using different exposure set-ups and measured ODC activity via 14CO2 generation from 14C-labeled L-ornithine. Exposure to 50 Hz-modulated DAMPS-835 at 2.5 W/kg for one hour in TEM cells and at 6 W/kg with temperature control showed no significant alteration in ODC activity. In the second part, no alteration of ODC activity was detected with 217 Hz modulated GSM-900 (wire-patch antenna) or GSM-1800 (waveguides) when cells were lysed before measurement. The researchers concluded that under their exposure conditions, DAMPS-835 and GSM signals have no influence on ODC activity in L-929 cells.
Sirav B, Seyhan N · 2009
The aim of the study was to evaluate RF electromagnetic radiation levels at a site in Ankara hosting 64 TV and radio towers and one mobile base station. The site is near a residential community. Based on technical data from 31 transmitters, the calculated radiation level was approximately four times higher than Turkish permitted standards, which are the same as ICNIRP standards. The authors state that electromagnetic field measurement is needed at the site.
Kühn S, Jennings W, Christ A, Kuster N. · 2009
Researchers investigated absorption characteristics for anatomies ranging from a 6-year-old child to a large adult male using numerical modeling. They addressed exposure to plane waves incident from all six major sides of the human models with two orthogonal polarizations each. Worst-case scattered field exposure scenarios were constructed to test the implemented procedures of current in situ compliance measurement standards. The findings suggest that the reference levels of current electromagnetic safety guidelines and some measurement standards are not consistent with the basic restrictions and need to be revised.
Hu J, Lu Y, Zhang H, Xie H, Yang X. · 2009
Researchers randomly selected 18 residential districts with base stations and 10 without, using a TES-92 monitor to measure microwave radiation indoors and outdoors. Radiation levels were higher in districts with base stations than in control districts. Radiation peaked at about 10 meters from the station and decreased with distance. Aluminum alloy security nets reduced indoor radiation, while glass windows did not. All ground-level measurements around base stations were below the primary standard, but some windows facing the station had higher levels, and a few exceeded the primary safe level.
Cao Y, Zhang W, Lu MX, Xu Q, Meng QQ, Nie JH, Tong J. · 2009
In this study, exposure to 900-MHz EMF expanded γ-ray damage to SHG44 cells. Preexposure EMF enhanced the decrease in cell proliferation induced by γ-ray irradiation and the rate of apoptosis. The combination of EMF and γ-ray exposure resulted in a synergistic effect by triggering stress response, which increased reactive oxygen species, but the expression of hsp70 at both mRNA and protein levels remained unaltered.
Blettner M et al. · 2009
The study aimed to investigate whether proximity to mobile phone base stations and risk perception are associated with health complaints. Among 30,047 participants, 18.7% were concerned about adverse health effects and 10.3% attributed personal health effects to base station exposure. Participants concerned about or attributing health effects to base stations and those living within 500 meters reported slightly more health complaints than others. The slightly higher prevalence of health complaints near base stations could not be fully explained by attributions or concerns.
