5G vs 4G Radiation: What's Different?

The Effects of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on β-Amyloid-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human and Rat Primary Astrocytes.

Tsoy A et al. · 2019

Measurement of the 100 MHz EMF radiation in vivo effects on zebrafish D. rerio embryonic development: A multidisciplinary study.

Piccinetti CC et al. · 2018

Researchers evaluated the biological effects of 100 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on zebrafish embryos using a multidisciplinary protocol. The 100 MHz EMF affected zebrafish embryonic development from 24 to 72 hours post-fertilization across all analyzed pathways. At 48 hours post-fertilization, reduced growth, increased oxidative stress gene transcription, apoptotic and autophagic processes, and modified cholesterol metabolism were detected. By 72 hours post-fertilization, embryos partially recovered from stress and reached hatching time comparable to controls.

Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets.

Masoumi A, Karbalaei N, Mortazavi SMJ, Shabani M. · 2018

The Wi-Fi exposure used a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The Wi-Fi exposed group had significantly lower weight gain than controls and developed hyperglycemia. Plasma insulin levels and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets were significantly reduced, while pancreatic lipid peroxidation increased and GSH, SOD, and GPx activities decreased.

Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line.

López-Furelos A et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to single or combined radiofrequency signals at 900 and 2450 MHz for 4, 24, 48, or 72 hours in a GTEM chamber. They measured cell viability, nitric oxide production, HSP70 and TNF-α expression, and phagocytic activity. Phagocytic activity declined with longer exposure, while combined exposure raised HSP70 at 48 hours and significantly increased nitric oxide and TNF-α at 72 hours.

Evidence of oxidative stress after continuous exposure to Wi-Fi radiation in rat model.

Kamali K, Taravati A, Sayyadi S, Gharib FZ, Maftoon H. · 2018

Researchers exposed male Wister rats to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation continuously for 10 weeks. Total antioxidant capacity of plasma and activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD decreased significantly in exposed rats. GST activity increased significantly in the exposed group. GSH and TBARS levels did not change significantly after exposure.

Activation of the TRPV1 Thermoreceptor Induced by Modulated or Unmodulated 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Field Exposure.

Ruigrok HJ et al. · 2018

Researchers monitored TRPV1 activation in real time on live cells using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technique. Transiently-transfected HEK293T cells were exposed to 1800 MHz radiofrequency signals including CW, GSM, UMTS, LTE, Wi-Fi and WiMAX at specific absorption rates between 8 and 32 W/kg. TRPV1 channels were activated by the heat produced by radiofrequency exposure, but no activation occurred without temperature elevation. Radiofrequency exposure did not alter the maximal efficacy of capsaicin to activate TRPV1 at fixed temperature.

Exposure to 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields affects morphology, DNA-related Raman spectra and mitochondrial functions in human lympho-monocytes.

Lasalvia M et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lympho-monocytes in a reverberation chamber to 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields at 200 V/m for times ranging from 1 to 20 hours. Some exposed cells took on an enlarged and deformed shape, and Raman spectra of the nuclear compartment showed reductions in DNA backbone-linked vibrational modes. After 20 hours of exposure, resting oxygen consumption rate increased and was coupled to a significant increase of the FoF1-ATP synthase-related oxygen consumption. The researchers suggested that adaptive mechanisms, likely via redox signaling, may compensate for early impairments of the oxidative phosphorylation system caused by EMF exposure.

RF-EMF exposure at 1800 MHz did not elicit DNA damage or abnormal cellular behaviors in different neurogenic cells.

Su L, Wei X, Xu Z, Chen G · 2017

Researchers exposed neurogenic A172, U251, and SH-SY5Y cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at 4.0 W/kg intermittently for 1, 6, or 24 hours. DNA damage was measured by quantifying γH2AX foci, an early marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Cell cycle progression, proliferation, and viability were assessed using flow cytometry, hemocytometer, and cell counting kit-8 assay. Exposure did not significantly induce γH2AX foci formation or cause abnormal cell cycle progression, proliferation, or viability. Prolonged incubation up to 48 hours after exposure also did not significantly affect cellular behavior.

Effects of 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on Aβ processing in human neuroblastoma and mouse hippocampal neuronal cells.

Park J, Kwon JH, Kim N, Song K · 2017

Researchers exposed HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a SAR of 6 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 3 days. They analyzed mRNA and protein expression of key genes involved in Aβ processing. In HT22 cells, mRNA levels of APP, BACE1, ADAM10 and PSEN1 decreased, while APP mRNA was unchanged in SH-SY5Y cells. Protein expression of APP and BACE1 and secreted Aβ peptide did not differ significantly between exposed and control cells.

Effect of acute millimeter wave exposure on dopamine metabolism of NGF-treated PC12 cells.

Haas AJ et al. · 2017

Researchers investigated the effects of a 24-hour millimeter wave exposure at 60.4 GHz with an incident power density of 5 mW/cm² on dopaminergic turnover in NGF-treated PC12 cells. They measured intracellular and extracellular dopamine and DOPAC using high performance liquid chromatography and assessed dopamine transporter expression by immunocytochemistry. Dopamine turnover and DAT protein expression were not impacted by exposure, while extracellular DOPAC accumulation showed a slight non-significant increase attributed to thermal effects.

Mobile phone radiofrequency exposure has no effect on DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in human lymphocytes.

Danese E et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed blood samples from 14 healthy volunteers to 900 MHz radiofrequency from a commercial mobile phone for 30 minutes. A control sample was kept away from radiofrequency sources. DNA integrity was measured by analyzing γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes using immunofluorescence staining. No measure of γ-H2AX foci was significantly influenced by the exposure, and the odds ratio for genetic damage ranged from 0.27 to 1.00.

Evaluation of the Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted From Wi-Fi Router and Mobile Phone Simulator on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Pathogenic Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli.

Taheri M et al. · 2017

Researchers assessed whether 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiation and 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router radiation alter the susceptibility of microorganisms to different antibiotics. The study found that exposure to Wi-Fi and RF simulator radiation can significantly alter inhibition zone diameters and growth rates for Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were exposed to RF-EMFs from a GSM 900 MHz mobile phone simulator and a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router.

Proteomic analysis of continuous 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in testicular tissue: a rat model of human cell phone exposure.

Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S, Davis DL · 2017

Researchers exposed 20 Sprague-Dawley rats to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 0, 1, 2, or 4 hours per day for 30 consecutive days. After 4 hours of daily exposure, ATP synthase beta subunit and hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 precursor were significantly up-regulated. The authors state that these protein increases are related to carcinogenic risk and reproductive damage.

Radiofrequency radiations induced genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) root tip cells.

Qureshi ST, Memon SA, Abassi AR, Sial MA, Bughio FA. · 2017

Researchers exposed dry chickpea seeds to GSM cell phone radiation at 900 MHz and laptop radiation at 3.31 GHz for 24 and 48 hours. Untreated seeds served as a negative control and gamma rays at 250 Gray served as a positive control. All radiofrequency treatments inhibited seed germination, with the 48-hour laptop exposure showing the strongest negative effect. Mitotic index decreased and abnormality index increased as exposure duration and frequency increased. Cell membrane damage, nuclear membrane damage, and ghost cells were observed only after 48 hours of exposure.

Generation and propagation of yeast prion [URE3] are elevated under electromagnetic field.

Lian HY, Lin KW, Yang C, Cai P. · 2017

Researchers exposed two budding yeast strains, NT64C and SB34, to 2.0 GHz RF-EMF and 50 Hz ELF-EMF. Both RF-EMF and ELF-EMF exposure elevated the de novo generation and propagation of the yeast prion [URE3] in the two strains. The increase grew over time, and ELF-EMF showed a dose-dependent effect. Chaperone transcription and expression (Hsp104, Hsp70-Ssa1/2, Hsp40-Ydj1) did not change significantly after exposure. ROS levels and SOD and CAT activities rose after short-term exposure but not after long-term exposure.

RAPD Profiling, DNA Fragmentation, and Histomorphometric Examination in Brains of Wistar Rats Exposed to Indoor 2.5 Ghz Wi-Fi Devices Radiation.

Ibitayo AO et al. · 2017

Researchers divided young male rats into four groups, with three groups exposed to 2.5 Ghz radiation for 30, 45, or 60 consecutive days. DNA damage was detected using agarose gel electrophoresis, and histomorphometry showed perivascular congestion and tissue damage.

Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation on plants.

Halgamuge MN. · 2017

The analysis found that 89.9% of studies reported physiological or morphological effects from mobile phone RF-EMF (p < 0.001). Maize, roselle, pea, fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions, and mungbean appeared especially sensitive to RF-EMF.

Effects of radiofrequency exposure emitted from a GSM mobile phone on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of neural stem cells.

Eghlidospour M, Ghanbari A, Mortazavi SMJ, Azari H. · 2017

Researchers exposed adult murine neural stem cells to GSM 900-MHz radiofrequency radiation from a mobile phone for varying durations. They used neurosphere assays to evaluate proliferation, immunofluorescence to examine differentiation, and alamarBlue and caspase 3 apoptosis assays to assess harmful effects. Neurosphere number and size and the proportion of cells becoming neurons decreased significantly with longer exposure. Cell viability, apoptosis, and astrocytic differentiation were unchanged.

Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from 2G and 3G Cell Phone on Developing Liver of Chick Embryo - A Comparative Study.

D'Silva MH, Swer RT, Anbalagan J, Rajesh B. · 2017

Fertilized chick embryos were incubated in four groups: 2G exposed (60 eggs), 3G exposed (60 eggs), sham exposed control (60 eggs), and control (48 eggs). After the scheduled exposure duration, embryos were collected for histological analysis of liver structure and alkaline comet assay for DNA damage. Exposure of developing chick embryos to 2G and 3G cell phone radiations caused structural changes in liver including dilated sinusoidal spaces with haemorrhage, increased vacuolations in cytoplasm, increased nuclear diameter and karyorrhexis. DNA damage was significantly increased in embryos exposed to 2G and 3G radiation. The changes were more pronounced in the 3G experimental group.

The response of human bacteria to static magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field.

Crabtree DPE, Herrera BJ, Kang S. · 2017

The study aimed to investigate the response of human bacteria to static magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field. Researchers investigated the response of both laboratory culture strains and isolates of skin bacteria under static magnetic field (SMF) and RF-EMF. Growth patterns of laboratory cultures of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis under SMF were variable per different species. Bacterial isolates of skin microbiota from 4 subjects with different cell phone usage history also showed inconsistent growth responses.

Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations.

Zothansiama, Zosangzuali M, Lalramdinpuii M, Jagetia GC. · 2017

The study compared 40 individuals living within 80 meters of mobile phone base stations with a control group living 300 meters away, matched for age, gender, diet, smoking, alcohol, and mobile phone use. Radiofrequency power density was significantly higher in the exposed group. The exposed group showed a significantly higher frequency of micronuclei. Plasma antioxidants glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced, and lipid peroxidation was increased in the exposed group. Multiple linear regression showed that higher RF power density was associated with lower antioxidant levels, higher micronuclei frequency, and higher lipid peroxidation.

Rats exposed to 2.45GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioral changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3.

Varghese R, Majumdar A, Kumar G, Shukla A. · 2017

Researchers exposed female Sprague Dawley rats to 2.45GHz radiation for 4 hours per day for 45 days and assessed behavioral and oxidative stress parameters. Exposed rats exhibited memory decline and anxiety behavior in the Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and light-dark box tests. Radiation exposure decreased brain antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione, increased lipid peroxidation, and increased the apoptotic marker caspase 3, while histopathological examination and TNF-α levels showed no significant changes.

Adaptive Response Induced by Pre-Exposure to 915 MHz Radiofrequency: A Possible Role for Antioxidant Enzyme Activity.

Mortazavi SMJ et al. · 2017

Researchers divided 50 rats into five groups and pre-exposed three groups to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 4 hours daily over one week at low, medium, and high power. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were given a 4 Gy sublethal gamma radiation dose and sacrificed after 5 hours. Pre-exposure increased glutathione levels and glutathione reductase activity in liver, with glutathione increases only in the low power group and glutathione reductase activity increases in both low and medium power groups. The elevated antioxidant levels protected liver tissue from oxidative damage induced by the gamma radiation.

Effects of acute and chronic exposure to both 900 MHz and 2100 MHz electromagnetic radiation on glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Gökçek-Saraç Ç et al. · 2017

Rats were exposed to 900 and 2100 MHz RF-EMR for 2 h/day for either 1 week (acute) or 10 weeks (chronic). The study measured hippocampal levels and activity of PKA, CaMKIIα, CREB, and p44/42 MAPK from NMDAR-related signaling pathways using Western blotting and activity assays. Chronic exposure produced significantly higher enzyme levels than acute exposure at both frequencies, and 2100 MHz exposure produced higher levels than 900 MHz in both acute and chronic groups.

Enhancement of X-ray Induced Apoptosis by Mobile Phone-Like Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Mouse Spermatocyte-Derived Cells.

Zhang KY et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-1 cells to a 1950 MHz RF field at 3 W/kg SAR for 24 hours with or without 6 Gy X-ray irradiation. RF exposure alone did not change cell proliferation or apoptosis levels. When combined with X-ray, RF exposure significantly decreased proliferation and increased apoptotic rate compared to X-ray alone. The combined exposure also significantly decreased Bcl-2 protein expression and increased Bax protein expression.