Westermark A, Wisten A. · 2001
The study aimed to investigate whether miniplate osteosynthesis and cellular phone create disturbance of the infraorbital nerve. Researchers measured electric current on the plate surface under the magnetic field between the phone antenna and the metal plate. The highest currents measured were 141 mV in air and 21 mV in saline. The findings suggested a possible correlation between the miniplate near the infraorbital nerve and patient dysesthesia under cellular phone energy.
Santini R et al. · 2001
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 161 students and workers at a French engineering school about symptoms during digital cellular phone use. Users of 1800-MHz phones reported significantly more concentration difficulties than users of 900-MHz phones. Women using cellular phones complained of sleep disturbance significantly more often than men. Using both cellular phones and VDT significantly increased concentration difficulties. Longer daily calling duration and more calls per day were associated with more ear discomfort, warmth, and pricking.
LeeTMC, HoSMY, Tsang LYH, Yang SYC, LiLSW, ChanCCH · 2001
The study examined the effect of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on human attention. Three attention measures were administered to 72 teenagers, 37 of whom were mobile phone users. Mobile phone users performed better on one of the three attention measures than non-users. The researchers suggested a mild facilitating effect on attention functions.
Lebedeva NN et al. · 2001
Jech R et al. · 2001
Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KH · 2000
Thirty-one percent of Norwegian respondents and 13% of Swedish respondents reported at least one symptom associated with mobile phone use. The most common symptoms were sensations of warmth on or behind the ear, burning sensations in the facial skin, and headaches. Most symptoms began during or within half an hour after the call and lasted for up to two hours. Relatively few participants consulted a physician or took sick leave, but about 45% of those with symptoms took steps to reduce them, and the authors concluded that the results suggest awareness of the symptoms but not necessarily a serious health problem.
Muscat JE et al. · 2000
Researchers conducted a case-control study in five US academic medical centers between 1994 and 1998 using a structured questionnaire, enrolling 469 adults with primary brain cancer and 422 matched controls. The median monthly hours of use were 2.5 for cases and 2.2 for controls, and the multivariate odds ratio for regular use was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.6-1.2). No association was observed according to duration of use (P = .54), and cerebral tumors occurred more often on the same side as phone use (26 vs 15 cases; P = .06) while temporal lobe tumors showed the opposite pattern (9 vs 5 cases; P = .33).
Hietanen M, Kovala T, Hamalainen AM · 2000
Researchers analyzed EEG activity of 19 volunteers exposed to five different cellular phones operating at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Each subject completed six 30-minute experiments including one sham exposure, with real exposure lasting 20 minutes. Exposure to one phone caused a statistically significant change in absolute delta power, but relative delta power did not change and no effects were seen with other phones. The authors concluded that the observed difference was likely due to chance and that radiofrequency fields from cellular phones have no abnormal effects on EEG activity.
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000
Wainwright P, · 2000
Researchers developed a finite element thermal model of the head to calculate temperature rises in the brain from cellular telephone radiation. The model used a 1 mm resolution MRI dataset segmented into ten tissue types and a finite element mesh generated with an automatic tetrahedral mesh generator. The model included natural metabolic heat production and power absorbed from the electromagnetic field, with SAR derived from a finite difference time domain model coupled to a model mobile phone. For publicly available equipment, the maximum temperature rise in the brain was about 0.1 °C. The steady-state temperature distribution was calculated using the Pennes bioheat equation.
Krause CM et al. · 2000
Researchers examined the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on event-related desynchronization and synchronization responses in four EEG frequency bands during cognitive processing. Twenty-four subjects performed a visual sequential letter task with three working memory load conditions both with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order. The presence of EMF altered the ERD/ERS responses in the 6-8 and 8-10 Hz frequency bands but only when examined as a function of memory load and depending on whether the stimulus was a target.
Krause CM et al. · 2000
Researchers studied the effects of cellular phone EMF on EEG frequency bands in 16 normal subjects performing an auditory memory task. All subjects completed the memory task with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order. EMF exposure significantly increased EEG power in the 8-10 Hz frequency band only. EMF presence altered ERD/ERS responses across all studied frequency bands depending on time and memory task phase.
Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H · 2000
The influence of pulsed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields of digital GSM mobile phones on working memory in healthy subjects were studied. Memory load was varied from 0 to 3 items in an n-back task, and each subject was tested twice with and without RF exposure at 902 MHz and 217 Hz. The RF field speeded up response times when the memory load was three items, but no effects were observed with lower loads. The results suggest that RF fields have a measurable effect on human cognitive performance and encourage further studies.
Hocking B, Westerman R · 2000
Cox RA, Luxton LM · 2000
The study aimed to investigate cerebral symptoms from mobile telephones. Mobile phones affect the inner ear in 5-8% of users leading to dizziness, disorientation, nausea, headache and transient confusion.
Lebedeva NN et al. · 2000
EEG was recorded from 16 standard leads during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions and analyzed with custom non-linear dynamics software that computed a multichannel global correlation dimension. A significant increase in global correlation dimension occurred during and after exposure, more pronounced with eyes closed. The authors interpreted this increase as a manifestation of cortex activation under phone EMF exposure.
Huber R et al. · 2000
Researchers exposed healthy young male subjects for 30 minutes to EMF at 900 MHz and a spatial peak specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg during the waking period before sleep. Compared with a sham exposure control condition, EEG spectral power during non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased, with the maximum rise in the 9.75-11.25 Hz and 12.5-13.25 Hz bands during the initial part of sleep. The researchers concluded that the changes of brain function induced by pulsed high-frequency EMF outlast the exposure period.
Preece et al. · 1999
Thirty-six participants completed a randomized three-way crossover study with two training sessions and three test sessions. The only cognitive measure that changed was choice reaction time, which became faster, while word, number, picture recall and spatial memory were unchanged.
Khudnitskii, SS, Moshkarev, EA, Fomenko, TV, · 1999
The authors studied the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation from cellular phones on the functional state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems and on local temperature changes in users. The head area near the phone antenna appeared to be under the most intensive heating, and ultrahigh frequency radiation induced significant changes in local temperature and physiologic parameters of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Kellenyi, L, Thuroczy, G, Faludy, B, Lenard, L · 1999
The study investigated effects of mobile GSM radiotelephone exposure on the auditory brainstem response. A 15-minute exposure to GSM phone radiation caused an increase in auditory brainstem response in the exposed side of human subjects. Subjects also showed a hearing deficiency in the high frequency range of 20 dB from 2 KHz to 10 KHz.
Hladky, A, Musil, J, Roth, Z, Urban, P, Blazkova, V · 1999
Twenty volunteers participated in two experiments using a Motorola GSM 8700 mobile phone. Electromagnetic fields during a 5-minute speaking task did not affect visual evoked potentials. A 6-minute exposure also showed no effect on memory and attention tests, but the phone call itself impaired switching attention performance, significantly worsening response and decision speed.
Hardell et al. · 1999
Researchers conducted a case-control study with 209 brain tumour cases and 425 controls in Sweden. Overall cellular telephone use yielded an odds ratio of 0.98 with a 95% confidence interval. Separate analyses for the digital GSM system and the analogue NMT system gave odds ratios of 0.97 and 0.94 respectively. A non-significantly increased risk was found for tumours in the temporal or occipital lobe on the same side as phone use. The increased risk was only seen for use of the NMT system.
de Seze R, Ayoub J, Peray P, Miro L, Touitou Y · 1999
Researchers evaluated maximum serum melatonin concentration, time of maximum, and area under the curve of the hormone profile. Thirty-eight men aged 20 to 32 years were exposed to GSM 900 or DCS 1800 phones for 2 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 4 wk at maximum power. Blood samples were collected hourly during the night and every 3 hr in the daytime across four sessions at 15-day intervals. The melatonin circadian profile was not disrupted by the exposure.
Van Leeuwen GM et al. · 1999
Researchers evaluated 3D temperature rise in a realistic head model induced by a mobile phone. The power distributions had a maximum averaged SAR over a 10 g volume of approximately 1.6 W kg(-1). Simulations showed a maximum brain temperature rise of 0.11 degrees C for a 0.25 W antenna with indefinite exposure, and the authors noted that temperature rises are far too small to have lasting effects.
Borbely et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed healthy young subjects during an entire night-time sleep episode to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field at a maximum specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg. The exposure schedule consisted of alternating 15-min on-15-min off intervals. Compared with a control night with sham exposure, the amount of waking after sleep onset was reduced from 18 to 12 min, and EEG spectral power in non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased. The researchers concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF in the range of radiotelephones may promote sleep and modify the sleep EEG.
