Wdowiak A, Wdowiak L, Wiktor H. · 2007
The objective was to determine the effect of cellular phone usage on the fertility of males undergoing marital infertility therapy. The study included 304 men divided into groups: 99 who did not use mobile phones, 157 who used GSM equipment sporadically for 1-2 years, and 48 who regularly used mobile phones for more than 2 years. An increase in the percentage of sperm cells with abnormal morphology was associated with longer duration of exposure to waves emitted by GSM phones. A decrease in the percentage of sperm cells with vital progressive motility was correlated with the frequency of mobile phone use.
Panagopoulos DJ et al. · 2007
Researchers used Drosophila melanogaster reproductive capacity to compare the biological activity of GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz radiation. Both radiation types significantly reduced reproductive capacity in a non-thermal manner. GSM 900 MHz radiation appeared more bioactive than DCS 1800 MHz, a difference attributed mostly to field intensity and less to carrier frequency.
Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Nezis IP, Margaritis LH · 2007
Researchers used the TUNEL assay to detect DNA fragmentation in early and mid-oogenesis stages of Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were exposed to GSM 900-MHz or DCS 1800-MHz radiation from a mobile phone for a few minutes daily over the first six days of adult life. Both radiation types induced DNA fragmentation in all cell types of the egg chamber, leading to degeneration of egg chambers. Germarium and stages 7-8 were the most sensitive developmental stages, with germarium even more sensitive than stages 7-8.
Liu XY et al. · 2007
Researchers interviewed 200 women with early spontaneous abortion and age-matched controls and used multivariable logistic regression. In single-factor analysis, higher proportions of watching TV ≥10 hours/week, computer use ≥45 hours/week, using copycat, microwave oven and mobile phone, and proximity to switch rooms ≤50 m and launching towers ≤500 m were found in cases versus controls. After multivariable adjustment, using a microwave oven and mobile phone, exposure to abnormal renovation smell for ≥3 months, emotional stress in early pregnancy, and prior spontaneous abortion remained significantly associated with miscarriage risk. The odds ratios for these risk factors were 2.23 and 4.63.
Guney M, Ozguner F, Oral B, Karahan N, Mungan T. · 2007
Rats were randomly assigned to four groups of eight each, including a control, a sham, a 900 MHz EMR exposure group, and an EMR plus vitamins E and C group, and the EMR groups received 30 minutes per day for 30 days. EMR exposure increased endometrial nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels and decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, while combined vitamins E and C reversed these changes. The EMR group showed diffuse severe apoptosis in endometrial epithelial, glandular, and stromal cells and diffuse eosinophilic leucocyte and lymphocyte infiltration, which were significantly reduced by vitamins E and C.
Ferreira AR et al. · 2006
Researchers used the micronucleus assay to assess chromosomal damage in erythrocytes from rat offspring exposed to non-thermal UHF-EMF from a cellular phone during embryogenesis. The irradiated group showed a significant increase in micronuclei occurrence. No significant differences were found in any oxidative parameter of offspring blood and liver. The average number of pups in each litter was not significantly altered.
Erogul O et al. · 2006
Researchers enrolled 27 men and divided each semen sample into two parts, exposing one to 900 MHz cellular phone radiation. Exposure caused a subtle decrease in rapid and slow progressive sperm movement and an increase in non-motile sperm. Sperm concentration did not differ significantly between exposed and unexposed samples.
Oral B et al. · 2006
Researchers examined oxidative stress from a 900-MHz mobile phone and the possible protective effects of vitamins E and C on endometrial tissue in rats. Rats were divided into a sham control group, a 900-MHz EMF-exposed group (30 minutes daily for 30 days), and an EMF-exposed group treated with vitamins E and C before each exposure. Malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, and the proteins Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-8 were measured in endometrial tissue. The EMF-exposed rats showed increased malondialdehyde levels and apoptosis, while vitamins E and C ameliorated oxidative tissue injury and apoptosis through free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties.
Forgacs Z et al. · 2006
Researchers studied the possible effects of whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on male reproduction in mice. After repeated exposure at 0.018-0.023 W/kg SAR, an elevated serum testosterone level was measured, but no histopathological alteration could be detected in the reproductive organs. Leydig cell cultures from exposed animals did not differ from controls in their steroidogenic response.
Ozguner M et al. · 2005
Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a control group and an EMF group exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 30 minutes per day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Testicular weight, biopsy score, and interstitial tissue percentage did not differ significantly between groups. Seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelium height were significantly decreased in the EMF group. Serum testosterone was significantly lower in the EMF group, while LH and FSH did not change significantly.
Fejes I et al. · 2005
Researchers surveyed 371 men at a university clinic about their cell phone use habits and analyzed semen using conventional methods. Duration of possession and daily transmission time correlated negatively with rapid progressive motile sperm (r = -0.12 and r = -0.19) and positively with slow progressive motile sperm (r = 0.12 and r = 0.28). Men in the high transmitter group had a lower proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm than those in the low transmitter group (40.6% vs 48.7%).
Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz RFEMR at a specific absorption rate of approximately 90 mW/kg inside a waveguide for 7 days at 12 h per day. Sperm number, morphology, and vitality were not significantly affected by the exposure. However, detailed DNA analysis using QPCR revealed statistically significant damage to both the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear beta-globin locus.
Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts and transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at SAR levels of 1.2 or 2 W/kg, using both intermittent and continuous exposures. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Effects occurred after 16 h exposure in both cell types, and intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in the comet assay than continuous exposure. The researchers concluded that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.
Celik O, Hascalik S. · 2004
The study was planned to determine the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on baseline fetal heart rate, acceleration, and deceleration. Forty pregnant women undergoing non-stress testing were enrolled. Non-stress tests were recorded while subjects held a cellular phone in standby mode and dialing mode for five minutes each, and also with no phone present for ten minutes.
Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH · 2004
The study used GSM mobile phones with a carrier frequency at 900 MHz. Insects were exposed to the near field of the mobile phone antenna for 6 minutes per day during the first 2–5 days of adult life. Modulated radiation decreased reproductive capacity by 50–60% while nonmodulated radiation decreased it by 15–20%. The authors suggested the radiation decreases the rate of cellular processes during gonad development.
Dasdag S et al. · 2003
Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into exposed and sham-exposed groups of eight each. The exposed group received cell phone radiation for 20 minutes per day, seven days a week, for one month. No statistically significant alterations were found in any endpoints, including sperm count, morphology, testicular histology, lipid composition, malondialdehyde concentration, p53 immune reactivity, or rectal temperature.
Grigor'ev IuG. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo using mortality rate as a risk assessment. Chicken embryos were exposed to EMF from a GSM mobile phone during the 21-day embryonic development. The embryo mortality rate in the incubation period increased to 75% versus 16% in the control group.
Weisbrot D, Lin H, Ye L, Blank M, Goodman R. · 2003
Researchers exposed fruit flies to a discontinuous RF signal from a GSM multiband phone at 900/1,900 MHz with SAR approximately 1.4 W/kg for 10 days from egg laying through pupation. The non-thermal radiation increased offspring numbers, elevated hsp70 levels, increased SRE DNA-binding, and induced ELK-1 phosphorylation.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Bastide M, Youbibier-Simoa BJ, Lebecq JC, Giaimis J. · 2001
Researchers investigated continuous exposure of chick embryos and young chickens to EMFs from video display units and GSM cell phone radiation, including radiation attenuated by copper gauze. Permanent exposure to VDU EMFs was associated with significantly increased fetal loss (47-68%) and markedly depressed levels of circulating specific antibodies (lgG), corticosterone and melatonin. Under chronic exposure, GSM cell phone radiation was harmful to chick embryos, stressful for healthy mice, and synergistic with cancer by depleting stress hormones in mice. The same pathological results occurred after substantial reduction of microwaves by copper gauze attenuation.
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000
Dasdag S; Akdag MZ; Ayy ld z O et al. · 2000
Researchers studied the effects of microwaves emitted by cellular phones on peripheral blood parameters and birth weights of rats. The birth weight of offspring in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the sham-exposed group (p < 0.001). No blood parameters differed following exposure, and rectal temperatures showed no significant differences between groups. All parameters investigated were normal in the next generation of rats.
Irgens A, Kruger K, Ulstein M · 1999
The study assessed whether reduced semen quality in infertile couples is associated with occupational exposures known to be hazardous to fertility. Results of the first semen analysis were linked to occupational exposure data from a self-administered questionnaire. Reduced semen quality was found in men exposed to electromagnetic fields with an odds ratio of 3.22 and a confidence interval of 1.46 to 7.09. A tendency toward reduced semen quality was seen in commuters, shift workers, and men exposed to heavy metals. In general, the impact of occupational exposure on semen quality in infertile couples in Norway seemed to be minor, however occupational exposure mapping is still important in individual infertility investigations.
Fink JM, Wagner JP, Congleton JJ, Rock JC · 1999
This study evaluated police officers' exposures to microwaves emitted by traffic radar units, with measurements taken at approximated ocular and testicular levels of officers seated in patrol vehicles. Fifty-four radar units covering 17 different models, 4 frequency bands, and 3 antenna configurations were provided by four speed-enforcement agencies and one transportation research institute. The researchers concluded that police officer exposure to microwave radiation is apparently minimal.
Dasdag et al. · 1999
