Sommer et al. · 2009
Male and female C57BL mice were exposed lifelong to UMTS fields at 1966 MHz with SARs of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 1.3 W/kg. Development and fertility were tracked over four generations using histological, physiological, reproductive, and behavioral measures. No harmful effects on fertility or development were observed. Pup numbers and development were unaffected by exposure. Some data suggested effects on food consumption without a clear dose-response relationship.
Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S · 2009
Researchers used 30 adult male rabbits and exposed the phone group to 900 MHz radio frequency in standby mode for 8 hours daily over 12 weeks. At week 10 the phone group showed a significant drop in fructose levels and motile sperm percentage compared with baseline. Citrate levels and other measured parameters did not change significantly in any group throughout the study.
Rağbetli MC, Aydinlioğlu A, Koyun N, Rağbetli C, Karayel M. · 2009
The study examined the effect of mobile phone exposure on the developing hippocampus in Swiss albino mice. Pregnant mice were exposed to a mobile phone in an exposure system room. Pyramidal cells in the hippocampus were counted using the optical fractionator method with Axiovision software. No significant difference in pyramidal cell numbers was found between exposed and control groups.
Ogawa K et al. · 2009
The study exposed four groups of pregnant CD(SD) IGS rats to a 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signal for 90 minutes daily on gestational days 7–17, with spatial average brain SARs of 0.67 and 2.0 W/kg for low and high exposure groups. On gestational day 20, all dams were killed by cesarean section and fetuses were evaluated for numbers of live, dead, and resorbed embryos, placental weights, sex ratios, fetal weights, and external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. Maternal body weight gain did not differ between groups, and no adverse effects were observed on any reproductive or embryotoxic parameters.
Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily throughout gestation. Fetal brains were examined for heat shock proteins HSP25, HSP32, and HSP70. No induction of HSP32 or HSP70 was found in any brains, and HSP25 expression was similar in exposed and control groups. The study concluded that whole-gestation exposure did not produce a stress response detectable by HSPs.
Zareen N, Khan MY, Minhas LA. · 2009
Researchers exposed developing chick embryos to different doses of mobile phone induced EMFs by placing a mobile phone in the incubator in silent ringing mode. After 10 or 15 days of incubation, they compared developmental milestones of surviving embryos with a non-exposed subgroup. EMF exposure significantly decreased embryo survivability. Lower EMF doses caused growth retardation, while increasing doses shifted the effect to partial and then definite growth enhancement.
Gul A, Celebi H, Uğraş S. · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to mobile phones during pregnancy and examined ovarian follicles in their female offspring at 21 days old. The study group had fewer ovarian follicles than the control group. The authors suggest that intrauterine microwave exposure has toxic effects on ovaries.
Mailankot M et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed male albino Wistar rats to RF-EMR from an active GSM mobile phone for one hour daily over 28 days. Exposed rats had significantly reduced sperm motility but no change in total sperm count. RF-EMR exposure also increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione levels in the testis and epididymis. Facial temperature did not change significantly during exposure.
Agarwal A et al. · 2009
After liquefaction, neat semen samples were divided into two aliquots, with one exposed to cellular phone radiation in talk mode for 1 hour and the other serving as an unexposed control under identical conditions. Exposed samples showed a significant decrease in sperm motility and viability, an increase in ROS level, and a decrease in ROS-TAC score. Levels of total antioxidant capacity and DNA damage showed no significant differences between exposed and unexposed samples.
Zareen N, Khan MY, Ali Minhas L · 2009
Embryos exposed for 10 post-incubation days showed decreased retinal growth and mild epithelial pigmentation. Extending exposure to 15 post-incubation days reversed growth retardation to enhancement and shifted pigmentation from mild to intense. The authors concluded that mobile phone EMF causes derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation. Retinal thickness and epithelial pigmentation grades were statistically compared between control and experimental groups.
De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. · 2009
Researchers exposed purified human spermatozoa in vitro to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation tuned to 1.8 GHz across a range of specific absorption rates from 0.4 W/kg to 27.5 W/kg. As the SAR increased, sperm motility and vitality were significantly reduced, while mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and DNA fragmentation were significantly elevated (P<0.001). The researchers also observed highly significant relationships between SAR, the oxidative DNA damage biomarker 8-OH-dG, and DNA fragmentation after exposure.
Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Contin A, Biondi C, Fabbri E. · 2008
Researchers evaluated HSP70 gene and protein expression in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells after 4 to 24 hours of exposure to 1.8 GHz continuous-wave and GSM signals. Inducible HSP70 protein expression was not modified by any exposure condition. HSP70C transcript levels increased after 24 hours of GSM-217Hz exposure and decreased after 4 and 16 hours of GSM-Talk exposure, while HSP70A, HSP70B, and HSC70 transcripts did not change.
Falzone N et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed ejaculated, density-purified human spermatozoa to pulsed 900 MHz GSM radiation at SAR levels of 2.0 and 5.7 W/kg and compared them with controls over time. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by flow cytometry and showed no effect from the radiation. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis, and all kinematic parameters were unaffected at 2.0 W/kg. At 5.7 W/kg, straight-line velocity and beat-cross frequency were significantly impaired over time (P < 0.05), with no exposure-by-time interaction. The authors state the result should not be ascribed to thermal effects due to cooling methods and temperature control.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Yegin D. · 2008
Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 in testicular tissue. The exposed group showed no statistically significant difference in apoptosis scores compared to sham and cage control groups.
Yilmaz F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kilinc N · 2008
Researchers investigated anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein in rat brain and testes after whole-body exposure to 900 MHz cellular phone radiation. The results showed that 20 minutes of radiation did not alter bcl-2 protein in the brain and testes of rats. The study used two groups of eight Sprague-Dawley rats each, with the experimental group exposed to phones in speech condition for 20 minutes per day for one month and the sham group exposed to turned-off phones. The authors speculated that bcl-2 may not be involved in radiation effects on the brain and testes of rats.
Rezk AY, Abdulqawi K, Mustafa RM, Abo El-Azm TM, Al-Inany H · 2008
Researchers enrolled 90 pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies and 30 full-term newborns for the study. Pregnant women were exposed to mobile phone electromagnetic fields in dialing mode for 10 minutes, and fetal and neonatal heart rate and cardiac output were measured. Exposure significantly increased fetal and neonatal heart rate and decreased stroke volume and cardiac output, with these changes becoming less pronounced at higher gestational ages.
Jauchem JR. · 2008
Chen ZJ, He JL. · 2008
The study aimed to investigate mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phones. The authors noted that conflicting results exist in publications on these effects. They reported that overwhelming findings do not support the assumption that RF exposure may induce mutagenic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic effects. However, they stated that health effects from low-level RF exposure need further study.
Batellier F, Couty I, Picard D, Brillard JP. · 2008
Researchers exposed fertile chicken eggs to a cell phone in call position over the entire incubation period. Embryo mortality was significantly higher in exposed eggs than in sham eggs in two of four replicates. The additional mortality occurred mainly between days 9 and 12, but a causal relationship with electric field intensity could not be established.
Baste V, Riise T, Moen BE. · 2008
Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study among 10,497 military men in the Royal Norwegian Navy to assess work near radiofrequency-emitting equipment, infertility, and offspring sex ratio. Infertility increased significantly with increasing self-reported exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Adjusted odds ratios for infertility were 1.39 for low exposure, 1.52 for some exposure, 1.93 for high exposure, and 1.86 for very high exposure compared to no exposure. Higher paternal exposure was also associated with a lower ratio of boys to girls at birth. The number of children was not associated with exposure degree.
Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. · 2008
Three hundred sixty-one men undergoing infertility evaluation were divided into four groups based on daily cell phone use: no use, less than 2 hours, 2 to 4 hours, and more than 4 hours. Comparisons of mean sperm count, motility, viability, and normal morphology among the four groups were statistically significant. The decrease in sperm parameters was dependent on the duration of daily exposure to cell phones and independent of the initial semen quality.
Divan HA, Kheifets L, Obel C, Olsen J · 2008
Mothers of 13,159 children completed a follow-up questionnaire reporting cell phone use during pregnancy and the child's current cell phone use. Greater odds ratios for behavioral problems were observed for children with possible prenatal or postnatal exposure to cell phone use. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratio for a higher overall behavioral problems score was 1.80 (95% confidence interval = 1.45–2.23) in children with both prenatal and postnatal exposure. The authors noted that these associations may be noncausal and may be due to unmeasured confounding.
Ribeiro EP, Rhoden EL, Horn MM, Rhoden C, Lima LP, Toniolo L · 2007
Researchers randomly divided 16 male Wistar rats into experimental and control groups; the experimental group was exposed to GSM radiofrequency (1,835–1,850 MHz) for 1 hour daily over 11 weeks. They measured rectal temperature, testicular and epididymal weight, lipid peroxidation, serum testosterone, sperm count, and histopathological endpoints. No statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control groups in any measured endpoint.
Hardell L et al. · 2007
A case-control study investigated the risk of testicular cancer in relation to use of cellular and cordless telephones. The analysis included 542 seminoma cases, 346 non-seminoma cases, and 870 controls. For seminoma, odds ratios were 1.2 for analog phones, 1.3 for digital phones, and 1.1 for cordless phones. For non-seminoma, odds ratios were 0.7 for analog phones, 0.9 for digital phones, and 1.0 for cordless phones. There was no dose-response effect and odds ratios did not increase with latency time.
Yan JG, Agresti M, Bruce T, Yan YH, Granlund A, Matloub HS. · 2007
Rats exposed to 6 hours of daily cellular phone emissions for 18 weeks exhibited a significantly higher incidence of sperm cell death than control group rats through chi-squared analysis. Abnormal clumping of sperm cells was present in exposed rats and absent in controls.
