de Salles AA, Bulla G, Rodriguez CE. · 2006
Researchers simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in adult and child head models using the Finite Difference Time Domain method at 850 MHz and 1850 MHz. They used realistic head models with fitted electromagnetic parameters and tested microstrip and quarter-wavelength monopole antennas. The 1g-SAR for children was higher than for adults, exceeding 60% higher in the 10-year-old model. Results were compared with international recommendations.
Berg G et al. · 2006
A population-based case-control study included 381 meningioma cases, 366 glioma cases, and 1,494 controls aged 30 to 69 years in three German regions from 2000 to 2003. Researchers built an exposure matrix from computer-assisted personal interviews and defined high exposure as potentially exceeding ICNIRP public limits. Adjusted odds ratios for high exposure were 1.21 (95% CI: 0.69, 2.13) for glioma and 1.34 (95% CI: 0.64, 2.81) for meningioma, indicating no significant association.
Beede KE, Kass SJ. · 2006
Thirty-six college students with a median of 6 years of driving experience completed a driving history questionnaire and four simulated driving scenarios. The distraction tasks consisted of responding to a signal detection task and engaging in a simulated cell phone conversation. Driving performance was measured in four categories: traffic violations, driving maintenance, attention lapses, and response time. Performance was significantly impacted in all four categories when drivers were concurrently talking on a hands-free phone.
Aalto S et al. · 2006
Researchers studied the effects of a commercial mobile phone on regional cerebral blood flow in healthy humans using PET imaging. A mobile phone in operation induced a local decrease in cerebral blood flow beneath the antenna in the inferior temporal cortex and an increase in the prefrontal cortex. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced design with 12 male subjects performing a verbal working memory task.
Koylu H, Mollaoglu H, Ozguner F, Nazyroglu M, Delibab N. · 2006
Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham control, 900-MHz microwave exposure, and microwave exposure with melatonin treatment. Microwave exposure increased lipid peroxidation in both the brain cortex and hippocampus compared to controls. Melatonin administration decreased lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus but did not affect cortex levels.
Jeong JH, Kum C, Choi HJ, Park ES, Sohn UD. · 2006
Researchers investigated the effect of 60 Hz ELF-MF on hyperalgesia in mice using a hot plate test. Exposure to ELF-MF lowered pain threshold and elevated NO synthesis in brain and spinal cord. The hyperalgesic effects were blocked by an NOS inhibitor and a Ca2+ channel blocker but not by an NMDA receptor antagonist.
Bediz CS, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Oztekin E. · 2006
Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three groups: control, EMF-exposed (50 Hz, 5 minutes every other day for 6 months), and EMF-exposed with zinc sulfate (3 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally). Researchers measured plasma zinc and TBARS, and GSH in erythrocytes; TBARS and GSH were also determined in brain tissues. TBARS levels in plasma and brain were higher in EMF-exposed rats than controls, and lower in zinc-supplemented rats than EMF-exposed rats. GSH levels decreased in brain and erythrocytes of EMF-exposed rats and were highest in zinc-supplemented rats. Plasma zinc was lower in EMF-exposed rats than controls and highest in zinc-supplemented rats.
Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. · 2006
The study assessed the effects of microwave exposure on cultured rat hippocampal neurons using whole cell patch-clamp analysis combined with immunocytochemistry. Chronic exposure for 15 minutes per day over 8 days to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves at a SAR of 2.4 W/kg selectively reduced the amplitude of AMPA miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, while the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs and the amplitude of NMDA mEPSCs did not change. The same exposure decreased the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) in the cultured neurons.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2006
The control group was sham irradiated. The study revealed a statistically significant decrease in PKC activity in the hippocampus compared to the rest of the brain and controls. Electron microscopy showed an increase in glial cell population in the exposed group.
Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Wallner P, Kundi M. · 2006
Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study of 365 randomly selected inhabitants living near 10 mobile phone base stations in urban and rural areas. High-frequency electromagnetic field strength was measured in the bedrooms of 336 households, and several cognitive tests, wellbeing, and sleep quality were also assessed. Total HF-EMF exposure was far below recommended levels, with a maximum of 4.1 mW/m2, and average power density was 0.05 mW/m2 in the rural area and 0.02 mW/m2 in the urban area. Some symptoms showed a significant relation to measured power density, headaches most strongly, while sleep quality showed no significant effect.
Espinosa JM, Liberti M, Lagroye I, Veyret B. · 2006
Researchers studied the binding properties of the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor in rat brain membranes under exposure to AC and DC magnetic fields. One-hour exposures at 1.1 mT at 50 Hz caused statistically significant increases in both the K(D) and B(max) binding parameters, from 1.74 to 4.51 nM and from 1428 to 2137 CPM, respectively. DC fields had a lesser effect compared to AC fields at low values of K(Dsham), but decreased the affinity at higher values of K(Dsham). The researchers described these findings as one of the few documented pieces of evidence for cell-free effects of DC and extremely low frequency AC magnetic fields in the mT range.
Bachmann M et al. · 2006
Researchers applied three different EEG analysis methods to detect changes caused by microwave exposure in healthy volunteers. Volunteers were exposed to 450 MHz microwave radiation modulated at several different frequencies, with a field power density of 0.16 mW/cm2 at the scalp. Statistically significant changes in EEG rhythms energy and dynamics were found in between 12% and 30% of subjects.
Wilen J, Johansson A, Kalezic N, Lyskov E, Sandstrom M · 2006
Researchers investigated the effect of a mobile phone-like radiofrequency electromagnetic field on people who reported subjective symptoms when using mobile phones. Twenty subjects with mobile phone-related symptoms were matched with 20 controls without such symptoms, and each person took part in one true exposure session and one sham exposure session in random order. No significant differences related to radiofrequency exposure conditions were detected. The symptomatic group displayed a shift in low/high frequency ratio towards sympathetic dominance in the autonomous nervous system during tests, regardless of exposure condition.
Jelenković A et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field for 7 days, while control rats were sham-exposed. Superoxide dismutase activities and production of superoxide radicals, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide were examined in the frontal cortex, striatum, basal forebrain, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum. Superoxide radicals were significantly increased in all regions examined, and lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in the basal forebrain and frontal cortex. The researchers indicated that the 7-day exposure can be harmful to the brain, especially to the basal forebrain and frontal cortex due to development of lipid peroxidation.
Belyaev IY et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz GSM microwaves for 2 hours at a SAR of 0.4 mW/g and then examined brain cells for DNA damage and gene expression changes. In the cerebellum, 11 genes were upregulated in a range of 1.34 to 2.74 fold and one gene was downregulated 0.48-fold (P < .0025). The exposure did not induce detectable DNA double strand breaks or changes in chromatin conformation.
Paulraj R, Behari J. · 2006
Researchers exposed 35-day-old male Wistar rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz and 16.5 GHz for 35 days to study effects on developing rat brain. After exposure, the researchers measured DNA single strand breaks in brain tissue using micro gel electrophoresis (comet assay), with fifty cells from each slide and two slides per animal observed. The study found a statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in DNA single strand breaks in the brain cells of exposed rats.
Sievert U, Eggert S, Pau HW · 2005
Researchers tested 12 healthy people with normal hearing by recording auditory brain stem reflexes before, during, and after exposure to electromagnetic emissions from standardized mobile phone devices. Two modes of electromagnetic emissions fields were used: pulsed and continuous. No impact on auditory brain stem reflexes recordings in terms of absolute and interpeak latencies was found, and the authors concluded no adverse short-term effects on ear function.
Shirai T et al. · 2005
A 1.439 GHz TDMA signal was used for exposure of the rat head starting from 5 weeks of age, 90 min a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks. Brain tumorigenesis was initiated by an intrauterine exposure to N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on gestational day 18. No increase in the incidences or numbers per group of brain and/or spinal cord tumors, either in the males or females, was detected in the EMF exposed groups. There were no inter-group differences in body weights, food consumption, and survival rates.
Preece AW et al. · 2005
Researchers tested 18 children aged 10 to 12 years using a randomized three-way crossover design with exposures of 0, 0.025, or 0.25 W from a Nokia 3110 handset. Baseline reaction times were considerably slower than in adults. There was a tendency for shorter reaction times during exposure, most marked for simple reaction time, but no effects reached statistical significance after Bonferroni correction.
Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. · 2005
Kuribayashi M et al. · 2005
Researchers investigated possible effects of 1439 MHz electromagnetic near field exposure on the blood-brain barrier in immature (4 weeks old) and young (10 weeks old) rats. Expression of the three genes was not pathologically changed by EMF at any exposure level or age, and vascular permeability measured with FITC-dextran FD20 was not affected. The findings suggest that local head exposure to 1439 MHz EMF exerts no adverse effects on the BBB in immature and young rats.
Iudice A et al. · 2005
Twenty-three young healthy participants completed a 10 km simulated drive under four counterbalanced conditions: alcohol alone, alcohol with 19 h wakefulness, alcohol with 24 h wakefulness, and sober. The combination of alcohol and 24 h wakefulness produced the highest driving impairment, significantly greater than alcohol alone. Alcohol with 19 h wakefulness significantly affected only the time-to-collision measure, while alcohol alone in rested conditions did not significantly change any study measure.
Haarala C et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed 32 children aged 10-14 to a 902 MHz GSM mobile phone in active and inactive conditions while they performed cognitive tests. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in reaction times or accuracy between the phone-on and phone-off conditions across all tests. The authors concluded that a standard mobile phone has no effect on children's cognitive function as measured by response speed and accuracy.
Franke H et al. · 2005
Researchers investigated the influence of a generic UMTS signal on barrier tightness, transport processes, and morphology of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cell cultures serving as an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. The cells were exposed continuously for up to 84 hours at an average electric-field strength of 3.4-34 V/m with a maximum of 1.8 W/kg under athermal conditions. Barrier tightness measured by 14C-sucrose and serum albumin permeation and by transendothelial electrical resistance remained unchanged compared to sham-exposed cultures. Permeation of transporter substrates and the localization and integrity of the tight-junction proteins occludin and ZO1 were also unaffected.
Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N, Cassel JC. · 2005
In a first phase, researchers validated the elevated plus-maze apparatus in male Sprague-Dawley rats. They tested anxiety responses at light intensities of 200, 30, 10, and 2.5 lux and with diazepam doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg. Anxiety responses decreased with decreasing light intensity and were attenuated by diazepam. A separate group of rats was then exposed to 2.45 GHz EMFs with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg and brain-averaged SAR of 0.9 W/kg for 45 min. EMF exposure did not significantly affect anxiety responses at either low or high ambient light intensity.
