Divan HA, Kheifets L, Olsen J · 2011
Researchers used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort to examine prenatal cell phone use and developmental milestone delays in offspring up to 18 months of age. At 6 months the adjusted odds ratio for cognitive/language delay was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-1.0) and for motor delay was 0.9 (95% CI 0.8-1.1). At 18 months the adjusted odds ratio for cognitive/language delay was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9-1.3) and for motor delay was 0.9 (95% CI 0.8-1.0). The researchers observed no evidence of an association and dose-response associations were also null.
Unknown authors · 2010
The study analyzed live singleton births in Montréal and Québec from 1990 to 2004 using the Québec birth file. Proximity was defined as residing within 400 meters of a transmission line, and generalized estimating equations assessed associations with preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex while adjusting for maternal and neighborhood factors. No association was found for preterm birth, low birth weight, or infant sex, but a lower likelihood of small-for-gestational-age birth appeared for some distance categories such as 50–75 meters compared to 400 meters or more.
Takahashi S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 2.14 GHz electromagnetic fields for 20 hours per day during gestation and lactation at low and high specific absorption rates. No abnormal findings were observed in the dams, the F1 generation, or the F2 offspring across multiple parameters including growth, organ weights, survival, development, hormonal status, memory function, reproductive ability, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions, whole-body exposure to 2.14 GHz for 20 hours per day during gestation and lactation did not cause any adverse effects on pregnancy or the development of rats.
Sambucci M et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to WiFi signals for 2 hours daily over 14 consecutive days starting 5 days after mating. No effects were found on mating success, number of newborns per mother, or body weight at birth. Offspring showed no differences in spleen cell number, B-cell frequency, or antibody serum levels. B cells from all groups produced comparable IgM and IgG and proliferated similarly when challenged with LPS in vitro. These findings were consistent in both female and male offspring at juvenile and adult ages.
Elliott P et al. · 2010
The study was a case-control study using cancer registry and national birth register data in Great Britain with 1397 cases aged 0-4 and 5588 controls matched by sex and date of birth. Mean distance from a macrocell base station, total power output within 700 m, and modelled power density at the birth address were similar for cases and controls. Adjusted odds ratios for all cancers were 1.01 (0.87-1.18) for intermediate and 1.02 (0.88-1.20) for highest modelled power density exposure, with no significant trends for brain and central nervous system cancers or leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
McIntosh RL et al. · 2010
Researchers developed detailed anatomical mouse models with 49 tissues for finite difference numerical analysis. The pregnant mouse model with eight mature fetuses was used to assess RF dosimetry in a radial cavity system at 900 MHz and a 900 MHz plane wave exposure. Fetal SAR levels were around 14% lower than the dam's average and peak temperature increase was 45% lower.
Vrijheid M et al. · 2010
A birth cohort was established in Sabadell, Spain between 2004 and 2006. Mothers completed questions about cell phone use in week 32 of pregnancy (n = 587) and their children's neurodevelopment was tested at 14 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (n = 530). We observed only small differences in neurodevelopment scores between the offspring of cell phone users and nonusers. Those of users had higher mental development scores and lower psychomotor development scores, which may be due to unmeasured confounding, and there was no trend with amount of cell phone use within users.
Fragopoulou AF, Koussoulakos SL, Margaritis LH. · 2010
Physically comparable pregnant mice were exposed to GSM 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation from a mobile phone. Within 5h after birth most pups were fixed and processed with double staining and paraffin histology, while other pups remained with their mothers until teeth eruption. Exposed newborns appeared normal externally, but histological examination revealed variations in cranial bone and rib ossification and displacement of Meckelian cartilage.
Akimoto S et al. · 2010
Researchers calculated SAR distribution in a fetus using a numerical model of a pregnant woman exposed to the near-field of a normal mode helical antenna at 150 MHz. Fetal SARs were greatly affected by the distance and penetration path from the antenna to the fetal surface and were lower than occupational RF safety guidelines.
Tomruk A, Guler G, Dincel AS. · 2010
Researchers exposed nonpregnant and pregnant New Zealand White rabbits to whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation for 15 minutes per day over one week. Liver 8-OHdG levels did not differ between exposed and control rabbits in either the adult or newborn groups. However, MDA and FOX levels were significantly higher in exposed adult rabbits, and FOX was also elevated in newborns of exposed mothers.
Kawai H, Nagaoka T, Watanabe S, Saito K, Takahashi M, Ito K. · 2010
Researchers used computational models of pregnant women at 4 and 8 weeks of pregnancy to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in embryos exposed to electromagnetic plane waves from 10 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The models had a 2 mm spatial resolution and represented a woman similar in height and weight to an average-sized Japanese adult female, with either a cubic 4-week or spheroidal 8-week embryo. The maximum average SAR in the embryos was lower than 0.08 W kg(-1) when the incident power density was at the ICNIRP reference level for the general public.
Grigoriev YG et al. · 2010
Researchers replicated earlier Soviet studies from 1974 to 1991 that had examined immunological and reproductive effects of long-term low-level radiofrequency exposure in rats. Wistar rats were exposed in the far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave RF fields at an incident power density of 5 W/m² for 7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 30 days, resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 W/kg. The results partly confirmed the earlier findings and indicated possible effects from non-thermal RF exposure on autoimmune processes. A separate part of the study suggested possible adverse effects of blood serum from exposed rats on pregnancy and foetal development of intact rats, though the researchers noted that applying these results to exposure standards is limited.
Guler G, Tomruk A, Ozgur E, Seyhan N. · 2010
Researchers investigated oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels in the brain tissue of pregnant and non-pregnant New Zealand White rabbits and their newborns exposed to radiofrequency radiation. The rabbits were exposed to radiofrequency radiation at 1800 MHz GSM at 14 V/m for 15 minutes per day over 7 days. MDA and 8-OHdG levels in exposed pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits were significantly increased compared to controls, but no difference was found in the newborns.
Unknown authors · 2009
Unknown authors · 2009
The paper reviews literature on electromagnetic field effects on reproductive organs and prenatal and postnatal development in vertebrate animals. Review articles published until 2001 covering the entire frequency range were surveyed, and experimental studies from 2001 onward were summarized. The review placed special focus on radiofrequencies related to mobile communication. The majority of investigations found no strong effects of mobile telephony EMF on animal reproduction and development.
Lee HJ, Lee JS, Pack JK, Choi HD, Kim N, Kim SH, Lee YS. · 2009
Researchers investigated the teratogenic effects of multi-signal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on mouse fetuses. Pregnant mice were simultaneously exposed to CDMA and WCDMA signals for two 45-minute periods daily throughout gestation at a whole-body average SAR of 2.0 W/kg. Fetuses were examined on gestation day 18 for mortality, growth retardation, head size changes, and morphological abnormalities, and no adverse effects were observed.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
The study aimed to confirm earlier Russian and Ukrainian data on 2450 MHz microwave effects on immunological processes and teratology in rats. All results using ELISA and classic teratology end points were negative. The researchers concluded that exposure at 2450 MHz, CW, 7h/day for 30 days at 0.16 W/kg whole-body SAR had no influence on several immune and degenerative parameters or prenatal development.
Rağbetli MC, Aydinlioğlu A, Koyun N, Rağbetli C, Karayel M. · 2009
The study examined the effect of mobile phone exposure on the developing hippocampus in Swiss albino mice. Pregnant mice were exposed to a mobile phone in an exposure system room. Pyramidal cells in the hippocampus were counted using the optical fractionator method with Axiovision software. No significant difference in pyramidal cell numbers was found between exposed and control groups.
Ogawa K et al. · 2009
The study exposed four groups of pregnant CD(SD) IGS rats to a 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signal for 90 minutes daily on gestational days 7–17, with spatial average brain SARs of 0.67 and 2.0 W/kg for low and high exposure groups. On gestational day 20, all dams were killed by cesarean section and fetuses were evaluated for numbers of live, dead, and resorbed embryos, placental weights, sex ratios, fetal weights, and external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. Maternal body weight gain did not differ between groups, and no adverse effects were observed on any reproductive or embryotoxic parameters.
Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily throughout gestation. Fetal brains were examined for heat shock proteins HSP25, HSP32, and HSP70. No induction of HSP32 or HSP70 was found in any brains, and HSP25 expression was similar in exposed and control groups. The study concluded that whole-gestation exposure did not produce a stress response detectable by HSPs.
Gul A, Celebi H, Uğraş S. · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to mobile phones during pregnancy and examined ovarian follicles in their female offspring at 21 days old. The study group had fewer ovarian follicles than the control group. The authors suggest that intrauterine microwave exposure has toxic effects on ovaries.
Hässig M, Jud F, Naegeli H, Kupper J, Spiess BM. · 2009
Researchers conducted a cohort study tracking the geographical location of each dam and calf from conception through the fetal period to slaughter, with particular emphasis on the first trimester of gestation (organogenesis). Antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were measured in aqueous humor to evaluate redox status. Among 253 calves, 79 (32%) had nuclear cataract and 9 (3.6%) had severe nuclear cataract. Oxidative stress was increased in eyes with cataract, with an odds ratio of 0.80 per kilometer distance from the nearest base station and a 95% confidence interval of 0.62,0.93, and the authors state that it has not been shown that antennas actually affected stress.
Dimbylow PJ, Nagaoka T, Xu XG. · 2009
The study compared foetal specific absorption rate (SAR) across three sets of pregnant female computational models. The models included a 26-week foetal model from the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, and models at 13, 26, and 38 weeks from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. FDTD calculations were performed at a resolution of 2 mm for a plane wave with a vertically aligned electric field incident upon the body from the front, back and two sides from 20 MHz to 3 GHz under isolated conditions. The researchers compared external electric field values required to produce the ICNIRP public exposure localized restriction of 2 W kg(-1) when averaged over 10 g of the foetus with the ICNIRP reference levels.
Rezk AY, Abdulqawi K, Mustafa RM, Abo El-Azm TM, Al-Inany H · 2008
Researchers enrolled 90 pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies and 30 full-term newborns for the study. Pregnant women were exposed to mobile phone electromagnetic fields in dialing mode for 10 minutes, and fetal and neonatal heart rate and cardiac output were measured. Exposure significantly increased fetal and neonatal heart rate and decreased stroke volume and cardiac output, with these changes becoming less pronounced at higher gestational ages.
Nagaoka T, Saito K, Takahashi M, Ito K, Watanabe S. · 2008
The paper outlines the development of pregnant woman models adjusted to reference physiological characteristics for gestation ages of 13, 18, and 26 weeks. The models are composed of voxels of 2 x 2 x 2 mm³ and include 56 tissue types. Basic specific absorption rate (SAR) characteristics for whole-body RF exposure were calculated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
