Divan HA, Kheifets L, Obel C, Olsen J · 2008
Mothers of 13,159 children completed a follow-up questionnaire reporting cell phone use during pregnancy and the child's current cell phone use. Greater odds ratios for behavioral problems were observed for children with possible prenatal or postnatal exposure to cell phone use. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratio for a higher overall behavioral problems score was 1.80 (95% confidence interval = 1.45–2.23) in children with both prenatal and postnatal exposure. The authors noted that these associations may be noncausal and may be due to unmeasured confounding.
Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S · 2008
Researchers investigated the effects of prenatal EMF exposure on the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of 4-week-old rats. Pregnant rats in the exposed group were subjected to a 900 MHz EMF for 60 min/day between the first and last days of gestation. The results showed that prenatal EMF exposure caused a decrease in the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (P < 0.01).
Unknown authors · 2007
Researchers developed an anatomical voxel model of an 89 kg woman at 30 weeks pregnancy to study low frequency field exposure. They calculated intracorporal electric current density distributions from homogeneous 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields and compared them to ICNIRP basic restrictions. The basic restriction was met in the mother's central nervous system at reference level exposure. However, the basic restriction was considerably exceeded in the fetus. The authors suggest revision of reference levels might be necessary.
Liu XY et al. · 2007
Researchers interviewed 200 women with early spontaneous abortion and age-matched controls and used multivariable logistic regression. In single-factor analysis, higher proportions of watching TV ≥10 hours/week, computer use ≥45 hours/week, using copycat, microwave oven and mobile phone, and proximity to switch rooms ≤50 m and launching towers ≤500 m were found in cases versus controls. After multivariable adjustment, using a microwave oven and mobile phone, exposure to abnormal renovation smell for ≥3 months, emotional stress in early pregnancy, and prior spontaneous abortion remained significantly associated with miscarriage risk. The odds ratios for these risk factors were 2.23 and 4.63.
Dimbylow P. · 2007
Researchers used finite-difference time-domain calculations to estimate SAR from 20 MHz to 3 GHz in hybrid voxel-mathematical models of the pregnant female. Mathematical models of the developing foetus at 8-, 13-, 26- and 38-week gestation were converted into voxels and combined with the reference adult female model, NAOMI at a resolution of 2 mm. The study calculated the electric field values needed to produce the ICNIRP public exposure restriction of 2 W kg(-1) when averaged over 10 g of the foetus.
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers exposed female mice to 50 Hz, 1.2 mT electromagnetic fields for 8 hours per day throughout pregnancy. Exposed dams gained weight more slowly (29.0% vs 47.8%) and had a lower producing rate (60% of controls), with miscarriages, fetal loss, and malformed fetuses observed. The average number of offspring per mouse decreased (11 ± 1.6 vs 7 ± 2.0), and prenatally exposed offspring showed slower weight gain in the first two weeks and delayed eye opening and tooth eruption.
Nagaoka T et al. · 2006
Researchers had previously developed a whole-body numerical female model of an adult Japanese non-pregnant average figure. A new fetus model including inherent tissues of pregnant women was constructed based on abdominal MRI data of a 7-month pregnant woman. A whole-body pregnant woman model was developed by combining the new fetus and the female models. The anatomical details of the developed pregnant woman model and basic SAR characteristics for whole-body exposure to RF electromagnetic fields are demonstrated.
Mjøen G et al. · 2006
Finnie JW, Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestation day 1 to 19. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile without restraint. Fetal brains were examined for c-fos expression in multiple regions using immunohistochemistry. No difference in c-fos immunoreactivity was found between exposed and control fetal brains.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Pregnant mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestational day 1 to day 19. Fetal brains were examined for albumin extravasation in multiple regions including cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. No albumin extravasation was found in exposed or control brains, indicating no increase in vascular permeability.
Ferreira AR et al. · 2006
Researchers used the micronucleus assay to assess chromosomal damage in erythrocytes from rat offspring exposed to non-thermal UHF-EMF from a cellular phone during embryogenesis. The irradiated group showed a significant increase in micronuclei occurrence. No significant differences were found in any oxidative parameter of offspring blood and liver. The average number of pups in each litter was not significantly altered.
Celik O, Hascalik S. · 2004
The study was planned to determine the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on baseline fetal heart rate, acceleration, and deceleration. Forty pregnant women undergoing non-stress testing were enrolled. Non-stress tests were recorded while subjects held a cellular phone in standby mode and dialing mode for five minutes each, and also with no phone present for ten minutes.
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to pulsed GSM-like radiofrequency radiation at 9.4 GHz and 5 microW/cm2 during early gestation. They measured bone morphogenetic protein and receptor expression in newborn kidneys using semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR. Exposure increased BMP-4 and BMPR-IA expression and decreased BMPR-II expression, with statistical significance depending on exposure timing. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules. The authors suggest these molecular changes do not affect renal organogenesis but may reflect a developmental delay, and that exposure timing influences effects.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Unknown authors · 2002
Unknown authors · 2002
Researchers conducted a nested case-control study with 177 cases and 550 controls to assess the relation between retrospective magnetic field measures and clinical miscarriage among Kaiser Permanente members in northern California. They evaluated wire codes, area measures, and three personal meter metrics including rate-of-change, maximum level, and time-weighted average. For personal metrics at 30 weeks, adjusted odds ratios for the highest quartile were 3.1 for rate-of-change, 2.3 for maximum value, and 1.7 for time-weighted average. A prospective substudy of 219 participants found exposure measurements at 12 weeks were poorly correlated with those at 30 weeks, yet miscarriage risk results were consistent with the nested study.
Nelson BK, Snyder DL, Shaw PB · 2001
Researchers gave pregnant rats methanol at 0, 2, or 3 g/kg on gestation day 9 or 13, combined with RF radiation on day 9 or 2ME on day 13. On day 9, RF radiation or methanol increased fetal resorptions without interaction, and resorptions were highest when treatments were separated by 1.5 hours. The higher methanol dose also reduced fetal weights. On day 13, 2ME or methanol increased malformations with a positive interaction between them, while fetal weights were reduced by each agent alone without interaction.
Cheever KL et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 10 MHz radiofrequency radiation and measured metabolism and distribution of 2-methoxyethanol and its metabolite methoxyacetic acid. Radiofrequency exposure reduced total body clearance of radiolabeled 2-methoxyethanol but did not change methoxyacetic acid levels in serum, embryos, or extraembryonic fluid. Protein adduct formation in embryos did not differ in a way that would explain the reported synergy between radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol.
Bastide M, Youbibier-Simoa BJ, Lebecq JC, Giaimis J. · 2001
Researchers investigated continuous exposure of chick embryos and young chickens to EMFs from video display units and GSM cell phone radiation, including radiation attenuated by copper gauze. Permanent exposure to VDU EMFs was associated with significantly increased fetal loss (47-68%) and markedly depressed levels of circulating specific antibodies (lgG), corticosterone and melatonin. Under chronic exposure, GSM cell phone radiation was harmful to chick embryos, stressful for healthy mice, and synergistic with cancer by depleting stress hormones in mice. The same pathological results occurred after substantial reduction of microwaves by copper gauze attenuation.
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000
Nakamura H, Nagase H, Ogino K, Hatta K, Matsuzaki I · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to continuous-wave microwaves at 2 mW/cm² and 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured uteroplacental blood flow and hormone levels. Colonic temperature did not change significantly in either virgin or pregnant rats. Microwave exposure decreased uteroplacental blood flow and increased progesterone and PGF2α in pregnant rats but not in virgin rats. Pretreatment with angiotensin II prevented these changes in pregnant rats. Corticosterone increased and estradiol decreased during exposure regardless of pregnancy status or angiotensin II pretreatment.
Cobb BL et al. · 2000
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to UWB electromagnetic fields during gestation days 3-18, with some pups also exposed for 10 days after birth, then evaluated offspring for behavioral, functional, and morphological effects. UWB-exposed pups emitted significantly more stress vocalizations than sham-exposed pups, and the medial-to-lateral length of the hippocampus was significantly longer in UWB-exposed pups than in sham-exposed animals. Researchers noted there does not appear to be a unifying physiological or behavioral relationship among the significant differences observed.
Nelson BK, Snyder DL, Shaw PB · 1999
The purpose was to determine if synergistic effects of radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol generalize to other chemicals. Rats received salicylic acid at 0, 250, or 350 mg/kg by gavage on gestation day 9 or 13. Rats given salicylic acid on day 9 were exposed to radiofrequency radiation sufficient to maintain colonic temperature at 41 degrees C for 60 minutes or received a sham exposure, while those given salicylic acid on day 13 also received 0 or 100 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol by gavage. Fetuses were examined for external malformations on gestation day 20.
Nelson BK, Conover DL, Krieg EF Jr, Snyder DL, Edwards RM · 1998
Researchers tested whether environmental temperature changes the interactive developmental toxicity of radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol. Environmental temperature affected the specific absorption rate needed to maintain a given colonic temperature but did not affect the interactive developmental toxicity. The results add to evidence that developmental toxicity of radiofrequency radiation is associated with colonic temperature, not with specific absorption rate. Fetuses were examined for external malformations on gestation day 20.
Nakamura et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to microwaves at 2 mW/cm2, 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured natural killer cell activity and beta-endorphin levels. Microwave exposure raised colonic temperature and increased beta-endorphin in blood and anterior pituitary but did not change corticosterone. Naloxone administered before exposure increased natural killer cell activity and beta-endorphin in blood and placenta of pregnant rats.
