Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
Varsier N et al. · 2014
Researchers analyzed the influence of pregnancy stage and fetus position on whole-body and brain exposure of the fetus to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 2100 MHz. They used semi-homogeneous pregnant woman models between 8 and 32 weeks of amenorrhea. Whole-body and average brain exposures decreased during the first trimester. From the beginning of the second trimester, whole-body and average brain exposures were quite stable. A fetal head-up position produced slightly higher brain exposure than a head-down position, while whole-body exposures were similar.
Cabot E et al. · 2014
Researchers used numerical modeling to analyze electromagnetic radiation exposure of pregnant women and their fetuses at three gestational stages in near-field and far-field conditions. When the mother was exposed at general public reference levels, the fetus was sufficiently shielded and maternal exposure remained below or on the order of the basic restriction.
Odacı E et al. · 2014
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy. Kidney tissues of male pups were examined on postnatal day 21 using light and electron microscopy, and biochemical markers were measured. Light microscopy showed degenerative tubule epithelium changes, small cystic formations, and large cysts in the experimental group. Electron microscopy revealed loss of peritubular capillaries and atypical parietal layer epithelial cells. Biochemical analysis found significantly increased MDA levels and decreased SOD and CAT levels.
Seckin E et al. · 2014
Pregnant rats and their offspring were exposed to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications radiofrequency radiation for one hour per day during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests showed no significant difference among the groups. Electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the numbers of normal, apoptotic, and necrotic cells among the groups. The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development.
Dasdag S, Taş M, Akdag MZ, Yegin K. · 2014
The study used Wistar Albino adult male rats divided into a sham group and an exposure group, with rats in the exposure group exposed to 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation for 24 hours a day during 12 months. Sperm head defects increased in the exposed group, and weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubule diameter, and tunica albuginea thickness all decreased. Other measured parameters did not show statistically significant differences between the groups.
Türedi S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy, then examined the hearts of male rat pups on postnatal day 21. The mean electrical field intensity inside the exposure box was 13.77 V/m. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase values were significantly higher, while glutathione values were lower. Microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers, apoptotic changes, mitochondrial swelling and crista loss, myofibril degeneration, and structural impairments in Z bands.
Manta AK, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH. · 2014
Researchers measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the bodies and ovaries of 4-day-old Drosophila melanogaster flies after exposing them to DECT base radiation at 1.88–1.90 GHz. Male and female bodies showed a twofold increase in ROS levels after 6 hours of exposure, with ROS levels returning to normal 24 hours after that exposure ended. Ovaries responded more quickly, reaching a 2.5-fold ROS increase after 1 hour of exposure, with levels returning to normal 4 hours after that exposure ended.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Cetin H et al. · 2014
Researchers divided thirty-two rats and their offspring into three groups: a control group, a 900 MHz group, and an 1800 MHz group, with the two exposed groups receiving electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes per day during pregnancy and neonatal development. Brain and liver glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as liver vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations, decreased in the exposed groups. Brain iron, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations increased in the exposed groups, and by the sixth week, selenium concentrations in the brain decreased in the exposed groups. There were no statistically significant differences in glutathione, vitamin E, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc concentrations between the three groups.
Vijver MG et al. · 2013
A field experiment exposed four invertebrate species at different distances from a GSM 900 MHz transmitter for 48 hours, with controls shielded by Faraday cages. The response variables measured were fecundity and number of offspring. Results showed no significant impact of EMF exposure on reproductive endpoints, and distance was not an adequate proxy for dose-response.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed male and female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz Wi-Fi signal for 1 hour per day, 6 days per week. Exposure lasted 3 weeks for males and 2 weeks for females before mating, then continued for 3 more weeks during gestation. No deleterious effects on reproductive organs or fertility were observed, and no macroscopic abnormalities were found in fetuses even at 4 W/kg.
Mortazavi SM, Shirazi KR, Mortazavi G · 2013
Researchers interviewed and surveyed one thousand two hundred mothers in Shiraz who were at first-term labor. Data collection included assessment of the mother's history of radiography before and during pregnancy, physical examination of the mother for height and weight, and weighing and examining the newborn for any diagnosis of disease and anomalies. The study found no statistically significant difference in mean birth weight between newborns of mothers exposed to sources such as dental radiography, mobile phones, cordless phones, and cathode ray tube (CRT) and those of non-exposed mothers. The authors state that these findings cast doubt on previous reports linking ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy to increased risk of low birth weight.
Guxens M et al. · 2013
Researchers assessed the association between maternal cell phone and cordless phone use during pregnancy and teacher-reported and maternal-reported child behaviour problems at age 5. A total of 2618 children were included in the study. Prenatal cell phone use showed an increased but non-significant association with teacher-reported overall behaviour problems, without a dose-response relationship. Cordless phone use showed odds ratios below 1 or close to unity for teacher-reported overall behaviour problems. Associations with maternal-reported overall behaviour problems and specific behaviour problem subscales were non-significant.
Col-Araz N. · 2013
Preterm birth occurred in 19% of participants and low birth weight in 12.9%. Birth weight correlated positively with maternal age and baseline weight. Mothers with a history of disease during pregnancy had more preterm births and lower birth weight infants. Mobile phone and computer use during pregnancy was associated with more preterm deliveries and shorter pregnancy duration, but not with birth weight.
Ozorak A et al. · 2013
Kidney and testis samples were collected from decapitated rats during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks. In the fourth week, lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis and copper, zinc, GSH, GSH-Px, and TAS in kidney decreased, while iron in kidney and vitamin A and vitamin E in testis increased in exposed groups. In the fifth week, iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene in kidney increased, while GSH and TAS decreased in exposed groups. In the sixth week, iron concentrations in kidney and lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis increased, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased in exposed groups.
Ozgur E et al. · 2013
İkinci A et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz EMF for one hour daily from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy. The study used 3 pregnant rats per group and yielded 13 control and 10 EMF female pups for testing.
Gao X, Luo R, Ma B, Wang H, Liu T, Zhang J, Lian Z, Cui X · 2013
Radiation exposure decreased SOD and GSH-Px activity and increased MDA levels in both pregnant and fetal rats, and caused mitochondrial swelling, edema, and chromatin condensation in fetal brain tissue. Vitamin E supplementation reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner, with all three doses increasing SOD and GSH-Px in fetal rats, and middle and high doses decreasing MDA in fetal rats and high dose doing so in pregnant rats.
Luo Q, Jiang Y, Jin M, Xu J, Huang HF. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant volunteers at about 50 days gestation to cell phone EMF at 1.6 to 8.8 W/kg for one hour. They used two-dimensional electrophoresis to examine protein profile changes and found up to 15 spots with significant 2- to 2.5-fold changes compared to sham-exposed group. Twelve proteins were identified, including procollagen-proline, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta, and others.
Shahin S et al. · 2013
Twelve-week-old female mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 45 days to study effects on implantation and pregnancy. Implantation sites were significantly affected in the microwave-irradiated mice compared to controls. The researchers concluded that low-level microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress suppresses implantation and may also lead to deformity of the embryo if pregnancy continues.
Hancı H et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900-MHz EMF during days 13–21 of pregnancy and examined the testicles of their offspring at postnatal day 21. The offspring of exposed mothers showed irregularities in seminiferous tubule basal membrane and epithelium, immature germ cells in the lumen, and a decreased diameter in seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium. Apoptotic index, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation were higher in the offspring of exposed mothers than in controls.
Atasoy HI, Gunal MY, Atasoy P, Elgun S, Bugdayci G · 2013
Researchers exposed male rats to radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices operating at 2.437 GHz for 24 hours a day for 20 weeks, then examined their testes. The exposed rats showed significant increases in markers indicating DNA damage in the testes compared to controls. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity were decreased in the exposed group, which the researchers suggested may have been due to radiofrequency effects on enzyme activity. The researchers said these findings raise questions about the safety of radiofrequency exposure from Wi-Fi Internet access devices for growing organisms of reproductive age, with a potential effect on both fertility and the integrity of germ cells.
Odacı E et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields for one hour daily between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy, then assessed the female pups' spinal cord tissue and motor behavior. The rotarod test showed a significant increase in motor functions in the EMF group pups (p=0.037), while the open field test found no difference between groups. Pathological changes were observed in the spinal cords of the EMF group pups, and the researchers suggested these changes may have led to the increase in motor activity.
Haghani M, Shabani M, Moazzami K · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900-MHz pulse-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day throughout gestation, then evaluated ten offspring per group. Behavioral tests did not reveal any abnormalities in the exposed offspring. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed decreased neuronal excitability of Purkinje cells, with changes in afterhyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width, and first spike latency.
