Choi SB, Kwon MK, Chung JW, Park JS, Chung K, Kim DW. · 2014
Two volunteer groups of 26 adults and 26 teenagers were simultaneously investigated by measuring physiological changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and heart rate variability for autonomic nervous system (ANS), eight subjective symptoms, and perception of RF-EMFs during sham and real exposure sessions. Short-term WCDMA RF-EMFs generated no significant changes in ANS, subjective symptoms, or the percentages of those who believed they were being exposed in either group.
Manta AK, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH. · 2014
Researchers measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the bodies and ovaries of 4-day-old Drosophila melanogaster flies after exposing them to DECT base radiation at 1.88–1.90 GHz. Male and female bodies showed a twofold increase in ROS levels after 6 hours of exposure, with ROS levels returning to normal 24 hours after that exposure ended. Ovaries responded more quickly, reaching a 2.5-fold ROS increase after 1 hour of exposure, with levels returning to normal 4 hours after that exposure ended.
Aydogan F et al. · 2014
Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as control groups for 10 days and 40 days with six rats each, while groups C and D were exposure groups with nine rats each. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 10 or 40 days. Exposure groups showed numerous histopathological changes in the parotid gland, with more prominent changes after 40 days compared to 10 days.
Adibzadeh F et al. · 2014
Researchers performed detailed dosimetric simulations for 20 head models to quantify how head morphology affects RF dose in different brain regions. The variation in averaged SAR among heads reached up to 16.4 dB in a 1 cm³ brain cube using the field-sensor method and up to 15.8 dB in the medulla using the Talairach method. Head models were exposed to generic mobile phone fields at 835 and 1900 MHz in tilted and cheek positions. The authors concluded that head morphology is an important uncertainty source and that dosimetric analyses for specific brain regions should use real morphology.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Japanese researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals) for 20 hours daily across three generations to see if it affected brain development and behavior. They found no abnormalities in brain function, behavior, or general health in any generation of rats, even with continuous exposure from pregnancy through adulthood. The study suggests that this type of cell phone radiation at these exposure levels does not cause harmful effects that pass from parents to offspring.
Geronikolou S et al. · 2014
Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.
Murbach et al. · 2014
Researchers evaluated three hypotheses about how radiofrequency exposure could affect EEG by using numerical simulations and experimental assessments with phantoms and anatomical human models. They found that induced fields cause less than a 20% increase in 10 g-averaged SAR, that worst-case electrode placement raises skin temperature by at most 0.31 °C and brain temperature by less than 0.1 °C, and that temperature ripples from RF pulses are below 0.001 °C for GSM-like signals and below 0.004 °C for higher pulse energy. These local short-term temperature elevations are unlikely to change brain physiology during the time period from minutes to several hours after exposure. Thus, the mechanism of interaction between RF and changes in the EEG power spectrum remains unknown.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to mobile phone radiation at typical usage levels for four weeks, then examined brain tissue for signs of cell death (apoptosis). They found significantly increased levels of proteins that control cell death in the exposed rats compared to unexposed controls. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may trigger cellular stress responses in brain tissue at exposure levels similar to everyday phone use.
Sarapultseva EI, Igolkina JV, Tikhonov VN, Dubrova YE · 2014
Researchers exposed the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum to 1 GHz and 10 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at power flux densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 W/m2 for periods from 0.05 to 10 hours. Exposure to 0.1 W/m2 of either 1 or 10 GHz radiofrequency fields resulted in a significant decrease in the motility of the ciliates. The motility of unexposed offspring of ciliates that had been irradiated with 0.1 W/m2 of 10 GHz radiofrequency fields remained significantly compromised across at least 10 to 15 generations.
Mattei E, Censi F, Triventi M, Calcagnini G · 2014
The study evaluated electromagnetic interference potential and immunity of ten implantable pacemakers from five manufacturers tested in vitro with Wi-Fi signals. The exposure setup reproduced the IEEE 802.11b/g protocol and amplified the Wi-Fi signal to power levels higher than allowed by international regulation. None of the tested pacemakers showed any performance degradation even when exposed to radiofrequency field levels five times higher than the regulatory limit. The researchers concluded that Wi-Fi devices do not pose EMI risks to implantable pacemakers and that modern pacemaker immunity is much higher than the transmitting power of RF devices operating at 2.4 GHz.
Senavirathna MD, Asaeda T, Thilakarathne BL, Kadono H · 2014
Researchers investigated the effect of EMR on the growth dynamics of Myriophyllum aquaticum by measuring nanometric elongation rate fluctuation using a statistical interferometry technique. Plants were exposed to 2 GHz EMR at a maximum of 1.42 Wm(-2) for 1 hour. After continuous exposure, M. aquaticum plants exhibited a statistically significant 51 ± 16% reduction in NERF standard deviation. Temperature observations revealed that EMR exposure did not cause dielectric heating, so the reduced NERF was due to a non-thermal effect. The alteration in NERF continued for at least 2.5 hours after exposure with no significant recovery during the experimental period.
Unknown authors · 2014
Turkish researchers exposed 30 male rats to cell phone frequencies (1800 and 2100 MHz) for 30 minutes daily over one to two months, then examined their bladder cells for genetic damage. They found no increase in micronucleus formation, a marker of DNA damage, compared to unexposed control rats. The study suggests these specific RF exposures may not cause detectable genetic damage in bladder tissue.
Schneider J, Stangassinger M · 2014
Researchers exposed male and female rats continuously to either 900-MHz GSM or 1.966-GHz UMTS electromagnetic fields at 0.4 W/kg. Memory was assessed using a social discrimination procedure, with differences in sniffing duration to familiar and novel juvenile rats used as the measure. EMF-exposed females showed no differences in sniffing duration compared with controls, but sniffing durations of EMF-exposed males at 3 months of age were significantly affected. At 6 months of age, GSM-exposed male adults showed a memory performance deficit, but UMTS-exposed males did not.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones at frequencies between 1900 and 2100 MHz for a four-week period to study effects on apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Immunohistopathological examinations showed that the study group had more p53 and Bcl-2 positive stained cells, and they were stained denser, with statistically significant differences between the study and control groups (p < 0.003). The researchers concluded that electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may have an effect on apoptosis.
Mugunthan N, Anbalagan J, Meenachi S, Samy AS. · 2014
Mice were exposed to 2G ultra-high frequency radiation for 48 minutes per day over 30 to 180 days, with sham controls. In the exposed group, kidney weight and volume were significantly reduced in the first month, while kidney weight alone was significantly increased in the fifth month. Microscopic examination revealed dilated glomerular capillaries, increased urinary space, wider tubular lumens with reduced cell size, brush border interruption, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and marked basal striations in distal tubules. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 2G cell phone radiation could cause microscopic changes in the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Jovanovic D, Bragard G, Picard D, Chauvin S. · 2014
Researchers used three 3G HSPA smartphones from different manufacturers to make 220 two-minute calls on a national mobile network in Paris between 28 July and 04 August 2011. The SYRPOM measuring equipment recorded radiation power levels and frequency bands at a sampling rate of 20,000 per second. The mean normalized power was 0.75% of maximum for 3G VoIP calls and 0.22% for 3G VoCS calls. The very low average power levels indicate that RF exposure from 3G devices with VoIP or VoCS is far from exceeding the basic restrictions of current SAR exposure limits.
Kang KA et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.
Ozorak A et al. · 2013
Kidney and testis samples were collected from decapitated rats during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks. In the fourth week, lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis and copper, zinc, GSH, GSH-Px, and TAS in kidney decreased, while iron in kidney and vitamin A and vitamin E in testis increased in exposed groups. In the fifth week, iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene in kidney increased, while GSH and TAS decreased in exposed groups. In the sixth week, iron concentrations in kidney and lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis increased, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased in exposed groups.
Estenberg J, Augustsson T. · 2013
Researchers developed a car-based measuring system to estimate outdoor radiofrequency field exposure across rural, urban, and city areas of Sweden. The median power density was 16 µW/m(2) in rural areas, 270 µW/m(2) in urban areas, and 2400 µW/m(2) in city areas. In urban and city areas, base stations for mobile phones were clearly the dominating sources of exposure.
Manta AK, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH · 2013
Researchers exposed fruit flies to radiation from cordless phone base stations. The flies showed doubled levels of cell-damaging molecules within hours, even at very low radiation levels. This suggests common household wireless devices may cause cellular stress below current safety standards.
Havas M, Marrongelle J · 2013
This study replicated earlier research by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) responses in 69 subjects between the ages of 26 and 80 in both Canada and the USA. Subjects were exposed for 3-minute intervals to radiation generated by a 2.4-GHz cordless phone base station at 3-8 μW/cm². Based on HRV analyses, 7% of subjects were classified as "moderately to very" sensitive, 29% as "little to moderately" sensitive, and 30% as "not to little" sensitive.
Havas M, Marrongelle J. · 2013
Researchers exposed 69 people to radiation from a 2.4-GHz cordless phone base station for 3-minute intervals and measured their heart rate variability (how the heart rhythm changes in response to stress). They found that 36% of participants showed some degree of sensitivity to the electromagnetic radiation, with their hearts responding as if experiencing stress. The study suggests that heart rate variability testing could help identify people who are electromagnetically sensitive.
Mandalà M et al. · 2013
Researchers conducted a study to verify whether Bluetooth devices reduce the auditory nerve effects seen with direct mobile phone electromagnetic field exposure, using the same experimental protocol as a prior investigation. Twelve patients underwent retrosigmoid vestibular neurectomy to treat definite unilateral Ménière's disease while being monitored with acoustically evoked CNAPs during direct mobile phone or Bluetooth headset exposure. Bluetooth electromagnetic fields did not produce any significant change in cochlear nerve activity, while mobile phone electromagnetic fields caused a significant decrease in CNAP amplitude and an increase in latency in all subjects.
Kuehn S, Kelsh MA, Kuster N, Sheppard AR, Shum M. · 2013
Researchers measured SARs in phantoms with mobile phones operating at maximum antenna input power to evaluate design factors such as shape, antenna design, communication technology, and test date over a 7-year period. Service technology accounted for the greatest variability in compliance test SARs, ranging from AMPS highest to GSM lowest. The dominant factor for SARs during use is the time-averaged antenna input power, which may be much less than the maximum power used in testing. Phone shape, antenna type, and orientation were significant but only up to a factor of 2, and SAR in the tilt position was significantly smaller than in the touch position. External antennas produced greater SARs than internal ones, and brick and clamshell phones produced greater SARs than slide phones.
