Zhou H et al. · 2014
Researchers used the finite-difference time-domain method to compute the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio frequency (RF) waves in the human brain and to investigate the effects of geometry and polarisation on SAR value. The results suggested that high SAR values were found in the brain at approximately 250 MHz for vertical polarisation and 900-1200 MHz for both vertical and horizontal polarisation, which may be the result of head resonance at these frequencies.
Vereshchako GG, Chueshova NV, Gorokh GA, Naumov AD. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of prolonged 897 MHz cell phone radiation exposure on male rats from irradiated parents during embryogenesis and postnatal development. Irradiation decreased the number of births and shifted the sex ratio toward more males. Radiation accelerated sexual development at two months, caused disproportions in spermatogenic cell stages, and increased mature sperm count while reducing their viability.
Chen C et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at SAR values of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1, 2, and 3 days. RF-EMF exposure did not influence eNSC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, or the ratio of differentiated neurons and astrocytes. However, neurite outgrowth of eNSC-derived neurons was inhibited after 4 W/kg RF-EMF exposure for 3 days. The mRNA and protein expression of proneural genes Ngn1 and NeuroD were decreased after RF-EMF exposure, while expression of their inhibitor Hes1 was upregulated.
Maskey D, Kim MJ · 2014
Researchers applied radiofrequency at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg or 0 W/kg to mice to study the distribution of BDNF and GDNF in the nuclei of the superior olivary complex. In the exposed group, significant reductions in BDNF immunoreactivity were noted in the lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. GDNF immunoreactivity was also significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in all superior olivary complex nuclei of the exposed group. The researchers suggested that the decrease in these neurotrophic factors in the superior olivary complex suggests a detrimental effect of RF exposure in the auditory nuclei.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Kedage V, Nalini K, Nayak S, Bhat PG · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of adolescent rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were divided into a control group, a sham group, and an RF-EMR-exposed group, with 12 animals in each group. The exposed group received 900 MHz RF-EMR at a peak power density of 146.60 µW/cm2 for one hour per day for four weeks from an activated GSM mobile phone. Elevated TBARS levels were found in all brain regions studied, and altered behavioral performances were found in RF-EMR-exposed rats.
Schneider J, Stangassinger M · 2014
Researchers exposed male and female rats continuously to either 900-MHz GSM or 1.966-GHz UMTS electromagnetic fields at 0.4 W/kg. Memory was assessed using a social discrimination procedure, with differences in sniffing duration to familiar and novel juvenile rats used as the measure. EMF-exposed females showed no differences in sniffing duration compared with controls, but sniffing durations of EMF-exposed males at 3 months of age were significantly affected. At 6 months of age, GSM-exposed male adults showed a memory performance deficit, but UMTS-exposed males did not.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones at frequencies between 1900 and 2100 MHz for a four-week period to study effects on apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Immunohistopathological examinations showed that the study group had more p53 and Bcl-2 positive stained cells, and they were stained denser, with statistically significant differences between the study and control groups (p < 0.003). The researchers concluded that electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may have an effect on apoptosis.
Liu K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) to 1800 MHz GSM signals at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 w/kg for 24 hours. The expression of LC3-II increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with RF exposure, and showed a significant change at the SAR value of 4 w/kg. RF exposure did not increase the percentage of apoptotic cells, but inhibition of autophagy could increase the percentage of apoptotic cells. The findings suggested that autophagy flux could be enhanced by 1800 MHz GSM exposure, mediated by ROS generation.
Narayanan SN et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed adolescent rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for one hour daily over four weeks and found significant brain damage. The radiation caused oxidative stress (cellular damage from harmful molecules) in all brain regions tested, with different areas showing varying degrees of harm. The rats also displayed altered behavior, suggesting the brain damage had functional consequences.
Boga A et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and nicotine sulfate exposure on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frogs). With the exception of the 1800 MHz exposure, radiofrequency radiation alone was not associated with dramatic developmental anomalies. The combined effects of radiofrequency radiation and nicotine sulfate on the embryos were more severe than the effect of either exposure alone.
Jirillo E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 108 samples of human leukocytes from healthy donors to electromagnetic radiation at different intensities using a reverberation chamber. Exposure times ranged from 5 minutes to 24 hours, and sham-exposed blood samples from the same donors served as controls. In 68% of the 108 cases, an increase in leukocyte cell area was found along with morphological changes, while in 14% a decrease in cell area was observed. In 18% of cases, no effects dependent on the radiation were detected.
Mugunthan N, Anbalagan J, Meenachi S, Samy AS. · 2014
Mice were exposed to 2G ultra-high frequency radiation for 48 minutes per day over 30 to 180 days, with sham controls. In the exposed group, kidney weight and volume were significantly reduced in the first month, while kidney weight alone was significantly increased in the fifth month. Microscopic examination revealed dilated glomerular capillaries, increased urinary space, wider tubular lumens with reduced cell size, brush border interruption, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and marked basal striations in distal tubules. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 2G cell phone radiation could cause microscopic changes in the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Lv B, Su C, Yang L, Xie Y, Wu T · 2014
Researchers recruited ten subjects for a crossover, double-blind experiment with real and sham LTE EMF exposure sessions. Each session involved 30 minutes of LTE EMF exposure (power on or off) while EEG signals were recorded from 32 channels. The study found that short-term LTE EMF exposure modulated synchronization patterns of EEG activation across the whole brain.
Movvahedi MM et al. · 2014
Researchers enrolled 60 elementary school children aged 8 to 10 years in Shiraz, Iran. They used standardized computer-based tests of visual reaction time and short-term memory modified for children. Each test was repeated ten times in both real and sham exposure phases with a 30 min interval between phases. After a 10 min talk period, mean short-term memory scores were higher than after sham exposure (P = 0.030). Mean reaction times did not differ significantly between talk and sham exposure (P = 0.629).
Seckin E et al. · 2014
Pregnant rats and their offspring were exposed to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications radiofrequency radiation for one hour per day during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests showed no significant difference among the groups. Electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the numbers of normal, apoptotic, and necrotic cells among the groups. The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development.
Marzook EA, Abd El Moneim AE, Elhadary AA. · 2014
Triglycerides and testosterone increased significantly in all exposed groups, with a dose-dependent rise in the sesame oil groups. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased in exposed rats but increased with higher sesame oil doses. Total cholesterol decreased only in rats receiving 3 ml of sesame oil, and glutathione reductase rose significantly in that group. High-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changed in opposite directions between the exposed and sesame oil groups.
Tök L, Nazıroğlu M, Doğan S, Kahya MC, Tök O. · 2014
Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups, with one group exposed to Wi-Fi at 2.45 GHz for 60 minutes daily over 30 days and another group receiving melatonin during the same exposure. Lipid peroxidation was slightly higher in the Wi-Fi group than in controls, and glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in the Wi-Fi group. Melatonin supplementation significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and increased both glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione levels compared with the Wi-Fi group.
Jovanovic D, Bragard G, Picard D, Chauvin S. · 2014
Researchers used three 3G HSPA smartphones from different manufacturers to make 220 two-minute calls on a national mobile network in Paris between 28 July and 04 August 2011. The SYRPOM measuring equipment recorded radiation power levels and frequency bands at a sampling rate of 20,000 per second. The mean normalized power was 0.75% of maximum for 3G VoIP calls and 0.22% for 3G VoCS calls. The very low average power levels indicate that RF exposure from 3G devices with VoIP or VoCS is far from exceeding the basic restrictions of current SAR exposure limits.
Marzook EA, Abd El Moneim AE, Elhadary AA · 2014
Exposure raised triglycerides and testosterone significantly in all groups, with oil groups showing dose-dependent increases. Exposed rats had significantly lower SOD and CAT activities than controls, while sesame oil groups showed dose-dependent increases in these enzymes. Total cholesterol decreased significantly only in the 3 ml sesame oil group, which also showed significantly elevated GSH-Rx. HDL-c and LDL-c changed in opposite directions between exposed and sesame oil groups.
Tök L, Nazıroğlu M, Doğan S, Kahya MC, Tök O. · 2014
Turkish researchers exposed rats to Wi-Fi radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over 30 days and found it caused oxidative stress in the eye lens, similar to cellular damage from aging or toxins. When rats were given melatonin supplements, the antioxidant significantly reduced this Wi-Fi-induced damage. This suggests that common Wi-Fi exposure may harm delicate eye tissues, but natural protective compounds could help defend against such effects.
Curcio G, Mazzucchi E, Marca GD, Vollono C, Rossini PM · 2014
Italian researchers exposed 12 epilepsy patients to cell phone radiation (902.4 MHz GSM signal) for 45 minutes to see if it affected their brain's electrical activity and seizure patterns. They found that the radiation actually reduced seizure-related brain spikes slightly and caused some changes in brain wave patterns, but concluded these effects had no clinical significance for the patients' epilepsy management.
Kang KA et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.
Klose M et al. · 2014
Female Wistar rats from 14 days to 19 months were exposed in the head region for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week to a GSM-modulated 900 MHz field at SAR values of 0, 0.7, 2.5, and 10 W/kg. Four behavioral and learning tests (rotarod, Morris water maze, 8-arm radial maze, open field) were performed three times in juvenile, adult, and presenile rats. No profound differences were identified between exposure groups, though rotarod data showed significantly longer holding times for sham-exposed rats on some days, but these findings were not consistent. The results do not indicate harmful effects of long-term RF-EMF exposure begun at an early age on development, learning, and behavior, even at relatively high SAR values.
Aslan A et al. · 2014
The study used 30 Wistar albino rats divided into two equal groups with tibial fractures fixed by K-wire. One group was exposed to 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields for 30 minutes daily, five days a week, while the other group was not exposed. Radiological, histological, and mechanical scores showed no significant differences between groups, and all scores were lower than controls. The researchers concluded that 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones has no effect on bone fracture healing.
Rougier C, Prorot A, Chazal P, Leveque P, Leprat P · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposure on Escherichia coli cell membranes while maintaining the suspension at an average temperature of 37°C. No effect was detected with conventional heating or 200 W exposure, but membrane integrity was slightly altered at powers from 400 to 2000 W. Thermal characterization indicated the temperature reached was not high enough to explain the membrane changes, suggesting a power-dependent electromagnetic threshold effect. Exposures were discontinuous to keep the average temperature at 37°C, and effects were measured using flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining and intracellular protein release.
