Research on electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones, including 2G, 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G NR signals.
Sannino A et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human immune cells to cell phone radiation for 20 hours, then damaged them with chemicals. In most people tested, pre-exposed cells showed less DNA damage than unexposed cells, suggesting radiation may trigger protective responses that vary between individuals.
Daniels WM, Pitout IL, Afullo TJ, Mabandla MV · 2009
Young rats exposed to cell phone radiation (840 MHz) for three hours daily showed subtle behavioral changes including reduced activity and increased grooming, despite normal memory and brain structure. This suggests early EMF exposure may affect brain function in ways not immediately apparent.
Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. · 2009
Researchers exposed rat blood cells to 915-MHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in some mobile phones) for 4 hours and found it caused DNA damage. However, when they pre-treated the cells with bee venom, it significantly reduced this DNA damage, suggesting bee venom has protective properties against microwave radiation effects.
Sommer et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation (UMTS signals at 1966 MHz) continuously for their entire lives across four generations to study effects on reproduction and development. They found no harmful effects on fertility, pup development, or reproductive health, even at exposure levels up to 1.3 W/kg SAR. The only minor finding was some changes in food consumption patterns without a clear dose-response relationship.
Furubayashi T et al. · 2009
Japanese researchers exposed 54 women to cell tower-like radio waves for 30 minutes to test whether people who report mobile phone sensitivity can actually detect electromagnetic fields. They found that sensitive individuals couldn't tell when they were being exposed any better than control subjects, but they consistently reported more discomfort regardless of whether the EMF was on or off. This suggests that electromagnetic hypersensitivity symptoms aren't directly caused by the radio waves themselves.
Furubayashi T et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed 54 women (including 11 with self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity) to cell tower radiation at 10 V/m for 30 minutes in a controlled lab setting. Neither group could detect when they were actually being exposed to EMF, and both groups showed identical biological responses whether exposed to real or fake radiation. The study found no evidence that people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity react differently to cell tower emissions than healthy controls.
Mousavy SJ et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) to cell phone radiofrequency radiation at 910MHz and 940MHz frequencies. They found that the radiation altered hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen and changed its molecular structure, with greater effects at higher radiation intensities and longer exposure times. This suggests that cell phone radiation could potentially interfere with your blood's fundamental ability to transport oxygen throughout your body.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over four weeks. The radiation significantly reduced protective antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E in brain tissue. This suggests wireless devices may deplete the brain's natural defenses against cellular damage.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwaves) for one hour daily over 28 days and found it depleted protective antioxidant vitamins in brain tissue. When rats were given selenium or L-carnitine supplements, these nutrients helped protect against the radiation-induced vitamin depletion. This suggests that WiFi-frequency radiation creates oxidative stress in the brain that may be partially countered by certain antioxidant supplements.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N · 2009
Turkish researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over 28 days and found it depleted key brain antioxidants including vitamins A, C, and E. When rats were given selenium or L-carnitine supplements during exposure, these protective nutrients were largely restored, with L-carnitine showing stronger protective effects. This suggests that wireless device radiation creates oxidative stress in brain tissue, but certain antioxidants may help counteract this damage.
Wiholm C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed volunteers to cell phone radiation for 2.5 hours while they performed spatial memory tasks (navigating a virtual maze). Surprisingly, people who already experienced symptoms from phone use actually performed better on the memory tasks during radiation exposure, while those without symptoms showed no change. This unexpected finding suggests that radiation may affect the brain differently depending on whether someone is already sensitive to electromagnetic fields.
Wiholm C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed participants to mobile phone radiation at 1.4 W/kg (similar to real phone use) for 2.5 hours while they performed spatial memory tasks on a computer. Surprisingly, people who reported symptoms from phone use actually performed better during radiation exposure, while those without symptoms showed no change. This unexpected finding challenges assumptions about how phone radiation affects brain function.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM at 1 W/kg) for up to 6 days and found that the radiation significantly reduced the growth of neurites - the branch-like extensions that neurons use to connect with each other. This disruption occurred in both mouse and rat brain cells, suggesting that cell phone radiation may interfere with normal brain development at the cellular level.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian researchers exposed brain cells to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM at 1 W/kg SAR) for 144 hours to see if it made them more vulnerable to damage. While the radiation alone didn't harm the cells, it made one type of brain cell significantly more vulnerable to damage from hydrogen peroxide, a common cellular toxin that causes oxidative stress.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian scientists exposed brain cells to cell phone radiation for six days. The radiation alone didn't harm cells, but when combined with hydrogen peroxide, it increased damage to certain brain cells. This suggests cell phone radiation might amplify other sources of brain cell damage.
Sirav B, Seyhan N · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 20 minutes and found it made the blood-brain barrier more permeable in males but not females. This protective brain barrier normally keeps toxins out, suggesting cell phone radiation might compromise brain protection.
Ogawa K et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to cell phone radiation (1.95-GHz W-CDMA signals) for 90 minutes daily during the critical period of fetal development (days 7-17 of pregnancy). They found no harmful effects on pregnancy outcomes, fetal development, or birth defects at exposure levels up to 2.0 W/kg brain SAR. This suggests that typical cell phone radiation exposure during pregnancy may not cause developmental problems in offspring.
Ogawa K et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to cell phone radiation (1.95-GHz signals) for 90 minutes daily during pregnancy to see if it would harm developing babies. They tested different exposure levels, including some higher than typical cell phone use, and found no effects on pregnancy outcomes, fetal development, or birth defects. The study suggests that cell phone radiation at these levels doesn't appear to cause developmental problems during pregnancy.
Eltiti S et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed 88 people (including those who claimed to be sensitive to electromagnetic fields) to cell tower signals for 50 minutes while they performed memory and attention tests. The study found no effects on cognitive performance or physiological measures like heart rate and skin conductance in either sensitive or control participants. This suggests that short-term exposure to typical cell tower radiation levels doesn't impair brain function or cause detectable physical responses.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (GSM-900) for 2 hours and checked for brain damage 14 and 50 days later. They found no evidence of blood-brain barrier leakage or neuronal death at exposure levels ranging from very low to high. This study directly contradicted earlier research that claimed similar exposures caused significant brain damage.
Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S · 2009
Researchers exposed male rabbits to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 8 hours daily over 12 weeks to study effects on semen quality. They found that phone radiation significantly reduced both sperm motility (movement ability) and fructose levels in semen, which sperm need for energy. The study suggests that prolonged cell phone exposure near reproductive organs may impact male fertility.
López-Martín E et al. · 2009
Spanish researchers exposed rats to cell phone signals for 2 hours and found that pulsed GSM radiation affected brain activity differently than continuous radiation of equal strength. The pulsed signals altered gene activity in brain areas controlling seizures, emotions, and memory, suggesting unique biological effects beyond heating.
Dimbylow PJ, Nagaoka T, Xu XG. · 2009
Scientists studied how radio waves from cell phones and WiFi affect unborn babies at different pregnancy stages using computer models. They found radiation absorption varies significantly based on the baby's development stage and wave direction, helping establish safety guidelines for pregnant women.
Mizuno Y et al. · 2009
Japanese researchers used brain scans to study whether 30 minutes of exposure to 3G mobile phone radiation (W-CDMA at 1950 MHz) affects blood flow in the brain. Testing nine healthy men with PET scans before, during, and after phone exposure, they found no significant changes in regional brain blood flow compared to fake exposure. This suggests that 3G phone radiation at typical usage levels doesn't measurably alter blood circulation in the brain.
Sannino A et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human skin cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone signals) for 24 hours at 1 W/kg to test for DNA damage. They found no genetic damage from the RF exposure alone, even when testing cells from people with Turner's syndrome who may be more sensitive. The radiation also didn't make cells more vulnerable to damage from a known water contaminant.