Research on electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones, including 2G, 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G NR signals.
Tkalec M, Malaric K, Pevalek-Kozlina B. · 2005
Scientists exposed duckweed plants to cell phone-like electromagnetic frequencies and found that 900 MHz signals significantly stunted plant growth within just 2 hours, while 400 MHz had no effect. This demonstrates that EMF biological effects depend on specific frequencies, not just signal strength.
Lee S et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human immune cells to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2-6 hours and found it altered the activity of hundreds of genes. After just 2 hours, 221 genes changed their expression patterns, increasing to 759 genes after 6 hours. Importantly, genes related to cell death increased their activity while genes controlling normal cell division decreased, and this happened without any heating effects.
Ozguner F, Oktem F, Ayata A, Koyu A, Yilmaz HR. · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation (the same frequency used by many cell phones) and found it caused significant kidney damage through oxidative stress - essentially, the radiation generated harmful molecules that damaged kidney tissue and reduced the kidneys' natural antioxidant defenses. When the researchers treated another group of rats with an antioxidant compound, it prevented most of this kidney damage, suggesting that cell phone radiation harms organs by overwhelming the body's ability to neutralize harmful free radicals.
Zeni O et al. · 2005
Italian researchers exposed human white blood cells to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 2 hours at levels similar to what phones emit during calls. They tested multiple ways to detect DNA damage but found no statistically significant genetic harm at either exposure level tested. The study suggests that short-term exposure to cell phone radiation at typical use levels may not cause immediate DNA damage in blood cells.
Kuribayashi M et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed young and developing rats to cell phone-frequency radiation (1439 MHz) for 90 minutes daily to see if it damaged the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances. Even at high exposure levels (up to 6 W/kg), they found no changes in barrier function or protective proteins after 1-2 weeks of exposure. This suggests that this type of radiofrequency radiation may not compromise the brain's natural protective barrier in young animals.
Ozguner F et al. · 2005
Turkish researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation and found it caused kidney damage by increasing harmful molecules and reducing protective antioxidants. However, when rats were pre-treated with melatonin or CAPE (a natural compound from propolis), both substances protected against this kidney damage, with melatonin showing stronger protective effects. This suggests that mobile phone radiation can harm kidney tissue through oxidative stress, but natural antioxidants may offer protection.
Miyakoshi J et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human brain tumor cells to 1950 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to 3G cell phone frequencies) at various intensities for up to 2 hours. While the radiation didn't affect cell growth or activate major stress response proteins, it did reduce a specific cellular protection mechanism at the highest exposure level (10 W/kg). This suggests that even when cells appear unaffected, subtle molecular changes may still be occurring.
Keshvari J, Lang S. · 2005
Researchers used computer models to compare how much radiofrequency energy is absorbed in children's heads versus adults' heads when exposed to cell phone frequencies. They found that differences in energy absorption depend more on individual head shape and anatomy rather than age itself. This challenges the common assumption that children automatically absorb more RF energy than adults.
Lim HB, Cook GG, Barker AT, Coulton LA. · 2005
Researchers exposed human white blood cells to 900 MHz cell phone radiation at various power levels for up to 4 hours to see if it triggered a cellular stress response. The cells showed no signs of producing stress proteins (the body's natural defense against harmful conditions) after RF exposure, even though they did respond normally when heated to 42°C. This suggests that cell phone-type radiation at these levels doesn't cause detectable cellular stress in immune cells.
Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N, Cassel JC. · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 45 minutes and measured their anxiety levels using a standard behavioral test called the elevated plus-maze. The EMF exposure, at levels producing a specific absorption rate of 0.6-0.9 W/kg, did not change anxiety responses compared to unexposed control rats. This finding suggests that short-term exposure to this type of radiofrequency radiation does not affect anxiety-related behaviors in rats.
Lai H, Singh NP · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at cell phone frequencies (2450 MHz) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. However, when they simultaneously exposed the rats to a weak magnetic field with random fluctuations, it completely blocked the DNA damage from occurring. This suggests that certain types of magnetic field exposure might actually protect against microwave-induced genetic damage.
Lai H, Singh NP · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone-frequency microwaves (2450 MHz) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. However, when they simultaneously exposed the rats to a weak magnetic field with random fluctuations, it completely blocked the DNA damage from occurring. This suggests that certain types of magnetic field exposure might actually protect against some forms of EMF damage.
Shirai T et al. · 2005
Japanese researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (1.439 GHz) for 2 years to see if it would promote brain tumors in animals already given a cancer-causing chemical. The EMF exposure did not increase tumor rates or accelerate brain cancer development at either exposure level tested (0.67 or 2.0 W/kg SAR). This suggests that chronic cell phone radiation exposure may not promote brain tumor growth, at least under these specific experimental conditions.
Schmid G, Sauter C, Stepansky R, Lobentanz IS, Zeitlhofer J · 2005
Researchers exposed 58 healthy adults to UMTS (3G) mobile phone signals at levels similar to actual phone use and tested whether this affected their visual perception through four different eye tests. They found no measurable differences in visual performance between exposure to the radio frequency signals and fake (sham) exposure. This suggests that 3G mobile phone radiation at typical usage levels does not impair basic visual processing abilities.
Ebert S et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 905 MHz radiofrequency radiation at various power levels to determine when their bodies could no longer regulate temperature. They found that mice began struggling to maintain normal body temperature at radiation levels between 2-5 W/kg, and completely lost temperature control around 6-10 W/kg during 2-hour exposures.
Trigano A, Blandeau O, Dale C, Wong MF, Wiart J. · 2005
French researchers tested whether cell phone signals could interfere with cardiac pacemakers by placing ringing phones directly on patients' chests during routine clinic visits. Out of 330 tests on 158 patients, interference occurred in only 5 cases (1.5%), and only with older pacemaker models that lacked electromagnetic filters. This demonstrates that modern pacemakers with protective filters are highly resistant to cell phone interference, even during the peak power phase of incoming calls.
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency used by many cell phones) and measured their hearing function using specialized tests that detect the health of inner ear cells. The study found no significant changes in hearing function during or after EMF exposure. This suggests that cell phone radiation at 900 MHz may not directly damage the delicate hair cells in the cochlea that are essential for hearing.
Janssen T, Boege P, von Mikusch-Buchberg J, Raczek J. · 2005
Researchers tested whether 900-MHz cell phone radiation affects inner ear hearing cells in 28 people. They found extremely small changes (less than 1 decibel) in some subjects, but concluded these tiny shifts are physiologically meaningless given humans' 120-decibel hearing range.
Finnie JW. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation for one hour to test if it stressed brain cells by activating a stress gene called c-fos. They found radiation didn't cause brain stress - restraining the animals during testing did, showing proper study controls matter.
Gorlitz BD et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation (GSM and DCS frequencies) for 2 hours daily over 1 and 6 weeks to test whether it causes DNA damage in blood cells and other tissues. They found no increase in micronuclei (tiny fragments that indicate genetic damage) in any of the cell types examined, even at radiation levels up to 33.2 mW/g. This suggests that cell phone-type radiation at these exposure levels does not cause detectable genetic damage in mice.
Komatsubara Y et al. · 2005
Japanese researchers exposed mouse cells to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and WiFi) for 2 hours at extremely high power levels up to 100 watts per kilogram. They found no chromosomal damage or genetic changes in the cells, even at these intense exposure levels that far exceed what humans typically experience from wireless devices.
Yariktas M et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used by many cell phones) for two weeks and measured nitric oxide levels in their nasal passages. They found that EMF exposure significantly increased nitric oxide production in the nose and sinus tissues, but giving the rats melatonin prevented this increase. This suggests that cell phone radiation may trigger inflammatory responses in nasal tissues.
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies for 2 hours daily over 4 weeks to test if it damaged their inner ear function. Using sensitive hearing tests that measure the health of cochlear hair cells (the tiny structures that convert sound waves into nerve signals), they found no differences between exposed and unexposed animals. This suggests that typical cell phone radiation levels may not directly harm the delicate hearing mechanisms in the inner ear.
Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R · 2005
Spanish researchers tested whether current safety guidelines adequately protect people near cell tower antennas at three common frequencies (900, 1800, and 2170 MHz). Using computer models of human bodies placed at various distances from antennas, they found that meeting field strength limits doesn't always guarantee that radiation absorption (SAR) stays within safety limits. This means people could be exposed to higher-than-intended radiation levels even when towers appear to comply with regulations.
Hata K et al. · 2005
Japanese researchers exposed 208 rats to cell phone-like radiation at 1439 MHz for 12 hours to see if it affected melatonin production (the hormone that regulates sleep). They found no changes in melatonin or serotonin levels even at radiation levels four times stronger than typical mobile phones. However, the authors noted that longer exposure studies are still needed to fully understand potential effects.