Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers established a dual-frequency EMR mouse model at 0.8/2.65 GHz. Exposure to this dual-frequency EMR significantly induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. Molecular experiments showed a significant decrease in CB1R levels in the medial prefrontal cortex along with a notable reduction in the endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, indicating downregulation of the entire endocannabinoid system. Overexpressing and knocking down CB1R in the medial prefrontal cortex confirmed that increasing mPFC CB1R levels reduced anxiety-like behavior while decreasing mPFC CB1R levels exacerbated it. Dual-frequency EMR also induced changes in the endocannabinoid system in the basolateral amygdala, and female mice exhibited similar behavioral phenotypes and molecular mechanisms.
Unknown authors · 2025
Nineteen healthy participants with a mean age of 36.5 years were exposed to 5G mobile phone exposure at 3.6 GHz and 0.0030 W/m2 for 5 and 20 minutes. Corticospinal excitability, intracortical facilitation, short intracortical inhibition, and long intracortical inhibition were measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after exposure. A repeated-measures ANOVA found no significant interactions between exposure condition and time for any of these measures (all p > 0.15). Bayesian analyses gave Bayes factors close to 1, indicating inconclusive evidence for both the null and alternative hypotheses.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed developing rats to 900MHz cell phone radiation at levels considered safe by current regulations (0.08 and 0.4 W/kg SAR). The study found significant changes in brain development, including reduced brain growth factors, fewer new brain cells, disrupted nerve connections, and DNA damage in neural stem cells. These effects occurred at exposure levels typical of everyday cell phone use.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers created a 3D digital twin of an adult fruit fly using micro-CT scans and used it in numerical simulations to estimate absorbed power at 3.6 GHz. They exposed adult Drosophila melanogaster to 3.6 GHz fields for 5 days at 5.4 to 9 V/m (3.56 to 9.88 nW absorbed) and measured locomotor activity. They also exposed flies for 48 hours at an absorption level of 1.91 mW and measured fecundity. No effects were found on either locomotor activity or fecundity.
Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to 5G frequencies) and found that their male offspring developed severe testicular damage by adulthood. The exposed rats showed reduced sperm production, increased DNA damage, and higher rates of cell death in reproductive tissues compared to unexposed controls.
Özyılmaz C et al. · 2025
Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed male rats to 5G frequencies (3.5 GHz and 24 GHz) for 60 days and found significant damage to sperm quality and testicular function. Both frequencies reduced sperm motility and concentration, with 24 GHz causing more severe effects including immune system disruption. The damage worsened with longer daily exposure times.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900-MHz EMF for 2 hours daily during three gestational periods: GD 1–7, GD 8–14, and GD 15–21. Female offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 28 and hippocampal PARP-1 and Caspase-3 expression was evaluated. Pyramidal neurons in the CA region appeared normal after GD 1–7 exposure but were darkly stained and shrunken after GD 15–21 exposure. The GD 15–21 exposure group showed strong PARP-1 and Caspase-3 immune reactivity in CA and dentate gyrus cells with higher H-scores. The authors concluded that EMF at GD 15–21 triggered hippocampal neuron death by activating PARP-1 and Caspase-3.
Vijay S et al. · 2025
Histological examination revealed vacuolation in the testes and corpus epididymis of both exposed groups and multifocal atypical hyperplasia in the seminal vesicle. Seminiferous tubule diameter decreased gradually in both exposed groups with a substantial decrease in the 24-hour group, and the spermatogenesis index was significantly reduced in both exposed groups. Sperm concentration was significantly reduced in both exposed groups, sperm motility decreased significantly in the 4-hour group, and sperm viability increased substantially in the 24-hour group.
Lameth J et al. · 2025
This study examined the effects of repeated head exposures to 5G signals at 3.5 GHz on adult male mice. The researchers found that while the 5G exposures did not alter behavioral outcomes, they did produce modifications in gene expression within the cerebral cortex.
Özyılmaz C et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) throughout pregnancy, then examined their offspring's thyroid glands one year after birth. The study found significant thyroid damage including increased cell death, DNA breaks, tissue scarring, and abnormal cells in the exposed offspring. This suggests prenatal WiFi exposure may cause lasting thyroid problems that persist into adulthood.
Zhaowen Z et al. · 2025
Researchers randomly assigned 7-8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to a sham group or a 4.9 GHz RFR group (16 mice per group) and assessed anxiety, depression, cognition, sperm quality, and fertility in their male offspring. Paternal RFR exposure induced anxiety-like behaviors and impaired sperm quality in the first-generation male offspring. No significant effects were observed on depression-like behaviors, cognitive performance, or fertility across F1-F2 generations.
Unknown authors · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
EMR exposure caused marked structural damage to seminiferous tubules, increased collagen deposition, expanded tubular and interstitial volumes, raised IL-6 and TNF-α expression, and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities while increasing MDA levels. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation prevented the structural damage, lowered inflammatory markers, restored AR, ZO-1, and ZO-2 expression, and reversed the oxidative stress parameters.
Laván D et al. · 2025
The researchers indirectly analyzed the relationship between oxidative-stress-responsive genes after Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz exposure and genes linked to Alzheimer’s disease. They reported that prolonged exposure to this radiation could worsen the modification of key neurodegeneration genes such as GSK3B and APOE. The authors note that the link between wireless systems and Alzheimer’s disease remains inconclusive and requires further research.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers investigated the effects of 4.9 GHz radiofrequency field on emotional behaviors and spatial memory in adult male mice. They used open field test, tail suspension test, and Y maze to assess anxiety, depression-like behavior, and spatial memory. Anxiety-like behavior and spatial memory did not change after exposure, but depression-like behavior was induced. Neuron number decreased and pyroptosis increased in the amygdala but not the hippocampus.
Unknown authors · 2024
Previous research found increased wakefulness in mice after prolonged exposure to 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation with 100 Hz square-pulsed modulation at 1/8 duty cycle. The current study addresses whether modulation frequency, pulse edge sharpness, carrier frequency, and duty cycle matter for sleep and wakefulness alteration.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed male rats to 4G mobile phone radiation (2350 MHz) for 2 hours daily over 56 days and found significant reproductive damage including reduced sperm viability, abnormal sperm, lower testosterone, and tissue damage to reproductive organs, liver, and kidneys. The study also revealed increased oxidative stress and changes in blood parameters, suggesting chronic 4G exposure may harm multiple organ systems in males.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers evaluated the impact of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz RF EMF on mitochondrial stress in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes exposed for 24 hours at specific absorption rates of 0.25, 1, and 4 W/kg. They found a statistically significant reduction in mitochondrial ROS in fibroblasts at 1 W/kg, a slight but statistically significant enhancement of UV-B effects in keratinocytes at 0.25 and 1 W/kg, and no effect on mitochondrial membrane potential or apoptosis in any cell type or exposure condition.
Yavas MC, Kilitci A, Çelik E, Yegin K, Sirav B, Varol S · 2024
Researchers created two groups of seven rats each, one sham control and one exposed to 2100 MHz RF-EMF for five hours per day over 14 days. Brain tissue from exposed rats showed vascular alterations and significant edema. The exposed group had 18.26% tail DNA compared to 4.06% in controls, indicating more cellular damage. Testicular tissue showed significant deterioration of spermatogenic cells. Bax and bcl-2 gene expression changed significantly, while p53 did not.
Torres-Ruiz M et al. · 2024
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to unmodulated 700 MHz and 3500 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 1 and 4 hours during the blastula period and assessed outcomes up to 120 hours post fertilization. The exposure did not affect mortality, hatching, or body length, but caused specific organ morphological changes and lasting behavioral alterations in activity, anxiety-like behavior, and habituation. Effects were stronger at 700 MHz, particularly after 4 hours of exposure, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers created two groups of seven rats each, a sham control and an exposure group, and exposed the latter to 2100 MHz RF-EMF for five hours per day over 14 days. Histological examination of brain tissue from the exposed group revealed vascular alterations and significant edema. The comet assay showed much more cellular damage in the exposed group (18.26% tail DNA) than in controls (4.06% tail DNA). Testicular tissue showed significant deterioration of spermatogenic cells in the exposed group. Bax and bcl-2 mRNA levels differed significantly between groups, while p53 did not change.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed rats to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 5 hours daily over 14 days, finding significant brain swelling, blood vessel changes, and DNA damage. The study also revealed deterioration in sperm-producing cells and changes in genes that control cell death. This frequency is close to what 3G and some 4G cell towers use.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed mouse zygotes to cell phone electromagnetic radiation at 900-1800 MHz for 30 minutes on day 1. Exposed embryos showed slower cleavage divisions, more abnormal cleavage patterns, and delayed blastocyst formation. Cell survival in blastocysts was lower in the exposed group.
