Liorni I et al · 2014
Italian researchers used computer models to calculate how 50 Hz magnetic fields (like those from power lines) create electric currents inside developing fetuses at 3, 7, and 9 months of pregnancy. They found that exposure levels stayed well below international safety guidelines, but the induced electric fields increased as fetuses grew larger and varied significantly based on fetal position and the direction of the magnetic field.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 50 Hz, at intensities of 50 and 100 µT, for 90 days continuously. The hippocampal, cerebellar and cortical regions of the brain were analyzed for reactive oxygen species, markers of oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared with control rats, exposed rats showed oxidative stress and altered glutathione levels in a dose-dependent manner across all brain regions.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed young rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields from power lines for 90 days and found significant brain damage from oxidative stress. Higher magnetic field levels caused more harm across multiple brain regions, including areas controlling memory and movement, suggesting potential neurological effects.
Gryz K, Karpowicz J, Leszko W, Zradziński P. · 2014
Researchers measured electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation exposure in 45 buildings in urban and rural areas across various regions of Poland. The main sources of exposure identified were mobile phone base transceiver stations and radio-television transmitters. Exposure of workers and the general public in locations comparable to offices was found to be well below international limits.
Zong C, Ji Y, He Q, Zhu S, Qin F, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 μW/cm2 power density for 4 hours per day for 7 days, then injected some mice with bleomycin. Radiofrequency exposure alone showed no indications of increased DNA or oxidative damage compared to mice treated with bleomycin alone. Mice exposed to radiofrequency fields and then given bleomycin showed significantly reduced DNA damage at each repair time point measured, as well as decreased MDA levels and increased SOD levels.
Aydogan F et al. · 2014
Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as control groups for 10 days and 40 days with six rats each, while groups C and D were exposure groups with nine rats each. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 10 or 40 days. Exposure groups showed numerous histopathological changes in the parotid gland, with more prominent changes after 40 days compared to 10 days.
Furtado-Filho OV et al. · 2014
Researchers assessed the effect of 950 MHz ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, unsaturated fatty acid concentrations, and catalase expression in the livers of rats of different ages. Twelve rats per age group were divided into control and exposed groups and exposed for half an hour per day for up to 51 days at a specific absorption rate of 1.3–1.0 W/kg. The radiation did not cause oxidative stress and was not genotoxic in neonates or 6- and 15-day-old rats, but it changed polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in neonates. In 30-day-old rats there was no oxidative stress but the radiation was genotoxic to the livers of exposed rats.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to a 50 Hz, 10 G extremely low-frequency magnetic field for 8 hours per day across periods of up to 120 days. Anxiety was measured using an elevated plus maze, open field test, and social interaction test, on the 7th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th exposure day, respectively. The findings suggest that the magnetic field significantly induced anxiety behavior and that the NMDA receptor was involved in its effect. Glutamate and GABA levels were significantly elevated in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, though GABA receptor modulators did not produce a significant effect on the induced anxiety.
Júnior LC et al. · 2014
Brazilian researchers exposed lab rats to cell phone radiation at 1.8 GHz (the frequency used by GSM phones) for three days and tested their behavior and memory. While the rats showed no anxiety or memory problems, they did exhibit stress-related behaviors. The study suggests that cell phone radiation may not directly harm brain function but could trigger stress responses in the nervous system.
Roivainen P, Eskelinen T, Jokela K, Juutilainen J · 2014
Researchers measured intermediate frequency and extremely low frequency magnetic fields at cashiers' seats in Finnish stores. At the cashier's seat, IF magnetic fields ranged from 0.2 to 4 µT and ELF magnetic fields ranged from 0.03 to 4.5 µT, both well below exposure limits. However, when cashiers walked through EAS gates, peak IF fields reached up to 189 µT, exceeding the ICNIRP occupational reference level of 141 µT.
Jung IS, Kim HJ, Noh R, Kim SC, Kim CW. · 2014
Researchers investigated how extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect nerve-growth-factor-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells using proteomic methods. After 5 days of exposure at 50 Hz and 1 mT, neurite length and the number of neurite-bearing cells increased, while proliferation activity decreased. Six proteins were found to be differentially expressed between exposed and unexposed NGF-treated cells, including peripherin, VGF8a, HSP72-psI, LMW-PTP/ACP1, TUBA1A, and OPA1L.
Adibzadeh F et al. · 2014
Researchers performed detailed dosimetric simulations for 20 head models to quantify how head morphology affects RF dose in different brain regions. The variation in averaged SAR among heads reached up to 16.4 dB in a 1 cm³ brain cube using the field-sensor method and up to 15.8 dB in the medulla using the Talairach method. Head models were exposed to generic mobile phone fields at 835 and 1900 MHz in tilted and cheek positions. The authors concluded that head morphology is an important uncertainty source and that dosimetric analyses for specific brain regions should use real morphology.
Koyama S et al. · 2014
Researchers examined the effect of 2.45-GHz radiofrequency fields at SARs of 2 and 10 W/kg for 4 and 24 hours on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis in differentiated human HL-60 cells. Neutrophil chemotaxis was not affected by radiofrequency field exposure, and phagocytosis was not affected either compared with sham exposure conditions. Exposure at an SAR under 10 W/kg showed very little or no effects on either chemotaxis or phagocytosis.
Ghanmi A, Varsier N, Hadjem A, Conil E, Picon O, Wiart J. · 2014
Researchers analyzed how phone position affects brain exposure by comparing SAR from two GSM phone models. They tested 80 phone positions selected via Latin hypercube sampling. They estimated SAR10g in the head, SAR1g in the brain, and SAR in brain structures at 900 and 1800 MHz. Results show SAR distributions in the brain are sensitive to phone position. For 5–10% of positions, SAR10g in head and SAR1g in brain were 20% higher than the standard cheek position, and the SAM model was conservative for 95% of positions.
Ozgur E, Guler G, Kismali G, Seyhan N · 2014
Researchers exposed Hep G2 hepatocarcinoma cells to intermittent 900- and 1800-MHz radiofrequency radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours. Cell viability changed according to the frequency and duration of the exposure. Four-hour exposure produced more pronounced effects than shorter durations. 1800-MHz radiation had a larger impact on cell viability and injury than 900-MHz radiation. Morphological analysis showed irregular nuclei and DNA damage after 4 hours of 1800-MHz exposure.
Qin F et al. · 2014
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to a 2mT, 50 Hz magnetic field for 3 h. Proteomics analysis using 2D electrophoresis and bioinformatics showed that expression of 189 proteins changed in exposed cells relative to control. PCA analysis confirmed that protein data clustered according to experimental conditions.
Isaac Aleman E et al · 2014
Researchers investigated the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on net photosynthesis, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment concentration, and RBCS1 gene expression during in vitro establishment, in vitro multiplication and acclimatization phases of coffee seedlings. Treated plants were exposed to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 2 mT for 3 minutes while untreated plants served as controls. Magnetically treated plants showed significant increases in net photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigment concentration across phases, along with differential RBCS1 gene expression and decreased transpiration rates.
Seifirad S et al. · 2014
Single exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation and also increased antioxidant serum activity, including HDL, paraoxonase activity, and serum total antioxidant capacity. Chronic exposure increased lipid peroxidation, affected the antioxidant system, and led to irreversible changes, while acute exposure tended toward reversible alterations. The researchers noted that antioxidant capability was dependent on the duration and continuity of ELF-MF exposure.
Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. · 2014
Researchers evaluated biochemical parameters in the saliva of 12 young males before and after using a mobile phone. The phone emitted radio frequency signals of 1800 MHz with a 1.09 w/kg specific absorption rate, and participants used it for 15 and 30 minutes. SOD levels followed a quadratic trend, rising after 15 minutes of talking but then dropping as talking time increased. The researchers suggested that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells, as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.
Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. · 2014
Researchers measured biochemical changes in saliva from 12 young men before and after using mobile phones at typical exposure levels (1.09 W/kg SAR). They found that just 15 minutes of phone use triggered a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (an enzyme that fights cellular damage), indicating the body was responding to oxidative stress from the radiation.
Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z. · 2014
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Japanese researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals) for 20 hours daily across three generations to see if it affected brain development and behavior. They found no abnormalities in brain function, behavior, or general health in any generation of rats, even with continuous exposure from pregnancy through adulthood. The study suggests that this type of cell phone radiation at these exposure levels does not cause harmful effects that pass from parents to offspring.
Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z · 2014
Polish researchers exposed chicken embryos to 1800 MHz cell phone frequency radiation throughout their development and measured stress hormones. The EMF-exposed embryos showed decreased thyroid hormones and increased stress hormone levels, with effects most pronounced in newly hatched chicks. By slaughter age, hormone levels had returned to normal.
