Kuribayashi M et al. · 2005
Researchers investigated possible effects of 1439 MHz electromagnetic near field exposure on the blood-brain barrier in immature (4 weeks old) and young (10 weeks old) rats. Expression of the three genes was not pathologically changed by EMF at any exposure level or age, and vascular permeability measured with FITC-dextran FD20 was not affected. The findings suggest that local head exposure to 1439 MHz EMF exerts no adverse effects on the BBB in immature and young rats.
Ozguner F et al. · 2005
The study compared the protective effects of melatonin and CAPE against 900 MHz mobile phone radiation-induced renal tubular injury in rats. Exposure increased urinary NAG and renal MDA levels in rats. Both melatonin and CAPE significantly reduced these elevated markers. Melatonin also increased SOD and GSH-Px activities above control levels, while CAPE did not increase these enzymes.
Miyakoshi J et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human glioma MO54 cells to a continuous wave 1950 MHz RF field at SARs of 1, 2, and 10 W/kg for up to 2 hours. Cell growth was assessed by counting cell numbers up to 4 days after exposure. RF exposure at 2 and 10 W/kg did not affect the growth of MO54 cells. However, exposure at 10 W/kg for 1 and 2 hours significantly decreased the protein level of phosphorylated Hsp27 at serine 78.
Lim HB, Cook GG, Barker AT, Coulton LA. · 2005
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood to 900 MHz fields at specific absorption rates of 0.4, 2.0, and 3.6 W/kg for durations of 20 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours. Heat stress at 42 degrees Celsius increased the number of cells expressing HSP70 and HSP27 in a time-dependent manner. No statistically significant difference in stress protein expression was detected after RF-field exposure.
Zotti-Martelli L et al. · 2005
Italian researchers exposed human blood lymphocytes to 1800 MHz microwave radiation (cell phone frequency) at various power levels and found statistically significant increases in micronuclei, which are markers of genetic damage. The study revealed wide individual variation in response, with some people's cells showing much more damage than others from the same exposure.
Shirai T et al. · 2005
A 1.439 GHz TDMA signal was used for exposure of the rat head starting from 5 weeks of age, 90 min a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks. Brain tumorigenesis was initiated by an intrauterine exposure to N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on gestational day 18. No increase in the incidences or numbers per group of brain and/or spinal cord tumors, either in the males or females, was detected in the EMF exposed groups. There were no inter-group differences in body weights, food consumption, and survival rates.
Schmid G, Sauter C, Stepansky R, Lobentanz IS, Zeitlhofer J · 2005
Researchers exposed 58 healthy volunteers to a generic 1.97 GHz UMTS-like signal in a double-blinded crossover design. Each subject completed four clinical visual perception tests under high exposure, low exposure, and sham conditions. High exposure produced an average SAR of 0.63 W/kg (1 g) and 0.37 W/kg (10 g) in the left temporal cortex. No statistically significant differences in visual perception parameters were found between any exposure condition and sham.
Ebert S et al. · 2005
This study determined the thermal regulatory and thermal breakdown thresholds for in-tube restrained B6C3F1 and NMRI mice exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 905 MHz. The thermal regulatory threshold of the restrained mice was found at SAR levels between 2 W kg(-1) and 5 W kg(-1). The breakdown of regulation was determined at 10.1 +/- 4.0 W kg(-1) for B6C3F1 mice and 7.7 +/- 1.6 W kg(-1) for NMRI mice. NMRI mice were more sensitive to thermal stress and responded at lower SAR values with regulation and breakdown.
Trigano A, Blandeau O, Dale C, Wong MF, Wiart J. · 2005
Researchers performed 330 consecutive tests in 158 patients during routine pacemaker follow-up examinations. Two cellular phone systems were tested: GSM at a maximal power output of 2 W on a 900 MHz carrier frequency, and PCS at a maximal output of 1 W on a 1800 MHz carrier frequency. Interference was noted in only 5 tests, all involving unprotected pacemaker models, and the overall incidence of interference was 1.5% of tests.
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers evaluated possible effects of cellular phone-like electromagnetic fields on the functionality of the rat cochlea. Distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude was used as an indicator of outer hair cell status, and multiple exposure protocols with varying frequencies, intensities, and durations were tested before, during, and after exposure. No significant variation due to microwave exposure was evidenced.
Janssen T, Boege P, von Mikusch-Buchberg J, Raczek J. · 2005
Researchers investigated potential effects of electromagnetic fields from GSM cellular phones on outer hair cells by measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in 28 normally hearing subjects. No significant change in DPOAE level was found in response to EMF exposure. After compensating for undesired side effects, an extremely small exposure-correlated change of less than 1 dB was observed in some subjects, which the researchers suggested was physiologically irrelevant given the very large dynamic range of hearing in humans.
Finnie JW. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields using a purpose-designed exposure system, giving each animal a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg. The study measured activation of the immediate early gene c-fos in mouse brain tissue after this acute exposure. Activation of c-fos in exposed and sham-exposed brains was comparable, but was greatly increased compared with freely moving controls. The results suggest that the majority of the acute genomic response detected by c-fos expression was due to immobilisation.
Gorlitz BD et al. · 2005
Görlitz B-D et al. · 2005
German researchers exposed mice to GSM and DCS cell phone radiation for 1-6 weeks to test whether it causes genetic damage (micronuclei formation) in blood cells, bone marrow, skin cells, and immune cells. They found no increase in genetic damage at any exposure level tested, including levels much higher than typical cell phone use.
Yariktas M et al. · 2005
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers divided 48 Sprague-Dawley rats into exposed and sham-exposed groups. The rats were exposed 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks at a local SAR of 2 W/kg in the ear. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests were carried out before, during, and after the exposure. The analysis showed no statistically significant differences in audiological signals between the different groups.
Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R · 2005
Researchers analyzed safety assessment procedures for human exposure near cellular base-station antennas at 900, 1800, and 2170 MHz. They compared distances where electromagnetic fields were below reference levels with distances where specific absorption rate (SAR) values in an exposed person were below basic restrictions according to European guidelines. A high-resolution human body model was placed in front of each antenna at different distances to compute whole-body averaged SAR and maximum 10 g averaged SAR. The finite-difference time-domain method was used for both electromagnetic field and SAR calculations.
Hata K et al. · 2005
The study aimed to clarify the effects of short-term 1439 MHz TDMA exposure on melatonin synthesis in rats. Researchers investigated 208 male and female rats with brain SAR of 7.5 W/kg and whole-body SAR of 1.9 to 2.0 W/kg. After a 12-hour light-dark cycle, serum and pineal melatonin and pineal serotonin were measured by radioimmunoassay in darkness. No significant differences in melatonin or serotonin levels were found between exposed, sham, and cage control groups.
Koyu A et al. · 2005
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz EMF on nocturnal serum melatonin in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed for 30 minutes per day, five days per week for four weeks. Serum melatonin concentrations were measured at 12:00 pm using a radioimmunoassay method. No statistically significant differences in melatonin levels were found between the 900 MHz exposed group and the sham group, nor between the 1800 MHz exposed group and the sham group.
Lee JS, Huang TQ, Lee JJ, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. · 2005
Researchers exposed eight-week-old hsp70.1-deficient mice twice daily for 45 minutes with a 15-minute interval, five days a week for ten weeks at a whole-body average specific absorption rate of 0.4 W/Kg for both 849 MHz and 1763 MHz fields. They examined major tissues histopathologically, assessed cell proliferative activity immunocytochemically, measured apoptosis with a TUNEL assay, and evaluated heat shock protein expression and stress-activated kinase phosphorylation by western blot. No histopathological differences were found between sham- and RF-exposed mice, and there was no evidence of increased proliferative or apoptotic activity. Levels of HSP90, HSP70, and HSP25 showed no obvious changes, and RF exposure did not affect phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, or p38 MAPK.
Huang TQ, Lee JS, Kim TH, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. · 2005
The study used 80 male ICR mice initiated with DMBA and then exposed to 849 MHz or 1,763 MHz RF radiation at 0.4 W/kg SAR for 19 weeks. No skin tumors were observed in the sham or RF-exposed groups, while the TPA positive control group had a 95% tumor incidence. Pathological examination and PCNA staining showed no differences between sham and RF-exposed groups, and cyclin D1 and c-fos expression was only detected in TPA-induced tumors. The researchers concluded that RF radiation does not act as a tumor promoter for skin tumors in this model.
Aksoy U, Sahin S, Ozkoc S, Ergor G. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultures of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation from a digital mobile phone for 24 hours. The number of living parasites of both species decreased significantly after exposure at 37 °C and at room temperature compared with unexposed controls.
Wang Q, Cao ZJ, Bai XT. · 2005
Researchers exposed cerebral cortical neurons from postnatal rats to 900 MHz continuous microwave EMF with a SAR of 1.15 to 3.22 mW/g for 2 hours per day over 6 consecutive days and for 12 hours at one time. GABA receptor was selected as the biological endpoint. Significant changes in GABA receptor expression were observed in exposed neurons (P < 0.01), and the expression was significantly regulated by the microwave with a power window effect.
Seaman RL, Phelix CF. · 2005
3-NP significantly increased ER intracisternal width, ER area density, and nuclear envelope thickness. Microwave exposure at 6 W/kg alone also significantly increased these measures. Exposure of 3-NP-treated animals at 0.6 W/kg reduced the effects of 3-NP.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers studied the effect of 900MHz low-intensity microwave fields on AMPA GluR2 protein and intracellular calcium in postnatal rat cerebral cortical neurons. Neurons were exposed to continuous 900MHz microwaves at SAR values of 3.22, 2.23, and 1.15 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 4 or 6 consecutive days, and also for 12 hours at 3.22 W/kg. Compared with sham exposure, GluR2 protein was significantly down-regulated and intracellular calcium was significantly up-regulated in the exposed neurons.
