Ayata A et al. · 2004
Thirty Wistar-Albino rats were assigned to control, irradiated, and irradiated-plus-melatonin groups, and the irradiated group received 900 MHz, 2 W radiation for 30 minutes daily over 10 days. The melatonin group received 10 mg/kg/day melatonin in tap water for 10 days before irradiation. Skin samples were analyzed for malondialdehyde, hydroxyproline, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Radiation significantly increased MDA, hydroxyproline, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreased SOD; melatonin reversed the increases in MDA, hydroxyproline, CAT, and GSH-Px but did not prevent the SOD decrease. The results suggest that 900 MHz radiation increases fibrosis and lipid peroxidation in rat skin and that melatonin can reduce these effects.
Ayata A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation for 30 minutes daily over 10 days and found significant skin damage, including increased fibrosis (tissue scarring) and oxidative stress markers. When rats were pre-treated with melatonin, a natural antioxidant hormone, most of the radiation-induced skin damage was prevented. This suggests that mobile phone radiation can harm skin tissue through oxidative stress, but protective measures may help reduce this damage.
Curcio G et al. · 2004
Researchers randomly assigned subjects to two groups exposed to 902.40 MHz EMF either before or during testing sessions. Subjects completed four performance tasks under double-blind conditions while tympanic temperature was measured five times per session. Results showed improved simple and choice reaction times and increased local temperature on the exposed region after at least 25 minutes of exposure.
Ozguner F, Aydin G, Mollaoglu H, Gokalp O, Koyu A, Cesur G. · 2004
Researchers used thirty male Wistar-Albino rats divided into a nontreated control group, an irradiated group, and an irradiated group that also received melatonin. The irradiated group received 900 MHz radiation for 10 days at 30 minutes per day, and skin grafts were taken from the thoraco-abdominal area at the end of the tenth day. In the irradiated group, researchers observed increased thickness of stratum corneum, atrophy of epidermis, papillamatosis, basal cell proliferation, hypergranulosis, capillary proliferation, and impairment in collagen tissue distribution compared to the control group. Most of these changes, except hypergranulosis, were prevented with melatonin treatment.
Papageorgiou CC et al. · 2004
Ten women and nine men performed a short memory task during baseline and during exposure to a 900 MHz signal. Baseline EEG energy was higher in men than in women, and EMF exposure decreased EEG energy in men but increased it in women. Memory performance did not change with EMF exposure or gender.
Aran JM et al. · 2004
In the first experiment, guinea pigs were exposed to GSM microwaves at SARs of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for 2 months. In the second experiment, guinea pigs were exposed at 4 W/kg and auditory brainstem response thresholds were monitored. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no difference in DPOAE amplitudes or ABR thresholds between exposed and sham-exposed groups. Acute exposure for 1 hour also produced no statistically significant change in ABR thresholds. In vitro, organs of Corti from newborn rats exposed to 1 W/kg for 24-48 hours appeared normal under light microscopy after 2-3 days of culture.
Anderson, L. · 2004
Researchers conducted a two-year chronic bioassay to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Timed-pregnant rats were assigned to far-field RF Iridium or sham groups, with whole-body exposures starting at 19 days gestation for 2 hours per day, 7 days per week until weaning. Offspring then received near-field head-first exposures 2 hours per day, 5 days per week from 36 days old until 2 years of age at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg, 0.16 W/kg, or sham. No statistically significant differences were seen among groups for live pups per litter, survival index, weaning weights, clinical signs, or neoplastic lesions, and male survival was similar across groups while female cage controls had reduced survival time.
Unknown authors · 2004
Case reports of peripheral neurological effects of radiofrequency radiation describe mainly disturbances of noxious sensation called dysaesthesia. Cases have arisen after exposure to much of the frequency range from low MHz to GHz. After very high intensity exposures nerves may be grossly injured; however, after lower intensity exposures which may result in dysaesthesia, ordinary nerve conduction studies demonstrate no abnormality although current perception threshold studies may. Only a small proportion of similarly exposed persons develop symptoms. Some observations are not consistent with the hypothesis that all health effects of radiofrequency radiation arise from thermal mechanisms.
Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ. · 2004
Researchers investigated potential effects of GSM 1800 electromagnetic fields on verbal memory encoding by recording event-related magnetic fields from the brain during subsequent memory retrieval. Twelve normal subjects each completed two experimental sessions, one with EMF exposure during the study phase and one without. Exposure to EMF changed an early (350-400 ms) task-specific component of the event-related magnetic field, indicating interference with item encoding. Behavioral measures were not significantly affected.
Munoz S, Sebastian JL, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2004
Researchers calculated the transmembrane voltage induced on erythrocyte, codocyte, ovalocyte, and spherocyte cell models exposed to a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave at 1800 MHz. The induced voltage on the original erythrocyte shape was higher than on the altered cell geometries. Erythrocyte shape and membrane electric permittivity were found to play a fundamental role in the induced transmembrane voltage values. A finite element numerical technique with adaptive meshing was used for the calculations.
Sarimov R et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed lymphocytes from seven healthy persons to GSM microwaves at different frequencies in the range of 895-915 MHz and measured changes in chromatin conformation. A 30-min exposure at 900 and 905 MHz produced statistically significant condensation of chromatin in lymphocytes from 1 of 3 tested donors. Stronger effects were found following 1-h exposure, with chromatin condensation in 3 donors and decondensation in 1 donor. The observed chromatin changes were similar to effects of heat shock within the temperature window of 40/spl deg/C-44/spl deg/C.
Anderson LE et al. · 2004
Researchers set out to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Offspring were exposed to near-field radiofrequency signals at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg or 0.16 W/kg for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, from about 36 days old until they were 2 years old. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups for neoplastic lesions or other clinical signs.
Sarimov et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed human white blood cells (lymphocytes) to cell phone radiation at levels similar to what phones emit during calls. They found that 30-60 minutes of exposure caused changes in the DNA packaging inside cells that were similar to heat stress damage. These cellular changes occurred in most test subjects and suggest that phone radiation may trigger stress responses in our immune cells even at low power levels.
Sarimov et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed human immune cells to cell phone radiation at typical frequencies for 30 minutes to 1 hour. The extremely weak signals - 200 times below safety limits - triggered DNA packaging changes resembling heat stress in most subjects, suggesting cellular effects from everyday phone use.
Ilhan A et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba on mobile phone-induced oxidative damage in rat brain tissue. Mobile phone exposure increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, xanthine oxidase, and adenosine deaminase while decreasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in brain tissue. Ginkgo biloba treatment prevented these oxidative alterations and the mobile phone-induced cellular injury in brain tissue.
Demsia G, Vlastos D, Matthopoulos DP. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate whether 910-MHz electromagnetic fields could be a noxious agent capable of inducing genotoxicity, and rats were exposed daily for 2 h over 30 consecutive days. Researchers examined bone marrow smears from EMF-exposed and sham-exposed animals and observed an almost threefold increase in micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. An induction of micronuclei was also observed in polymorphonuclear cells.
Unknown authors · 2004
Researchers exposed cerebral cortical neurons from postnatal rats to low-intensity 900MHz continuous microwave electromagnetic fields at 9mW/cm2 with a SAR of 3.22mW/g for 2 hours per day over 4 or 5 consecutive days and also for 12 hours at a time. They measured cytochrome oxidase activity as a marker of energy metabolism. Compared to sham-exposed neurons, cytochrome oxidase activity decreased significantly in neurons exposed for 2 hours per day and in those exposed for 12 hours (P < 0.001).
Unknown authors · 2004
Chinese researchers exposed developing rat brain neurons to 900 MHz microwave radiation (the frequency used by many cell phones) and found significant decreases in cellular energy production. The study showed that even low-intensity exposure damaged the neurons' ability to generate energy, with effects occurring after just 2 hours of daily exposure.
Unknown authors · 2004
Chinese researchers exposed developing rat brain neurons to 900 MHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used by many cell phones) and found significant decreases in cytochrome oxidase activity, a key enzyme for cellular energy production. The effects occurred at power levels similar to those from mobile devices and persisted even with brief daily exposures over several days.
Haarala C et al. · 2003
Sixty-four subjects (32 men, 32 women) in two independent laboratories performed nine cognitive tasks twice, once with the EMF on and once with it off. Reaction times and accuracy were recorded, and the order of exposure and tasks was counterbalanced across subjects and gender. There were no statistically significant differences in performance between genders or laboratories. The previous results were not replicated, and the researchers concluded that EMF had no effect on reaction times or accuracy.
Weisbrot D, Lin H, Ye L, Blank M, Goodman R. · 2003
Researchers exposed fruit flies to a discontinuous RF signal from a GSM multiband phone at 900/1,900 MHz with SAR approximately 1.4 W/kg for 10 days from egg laying through pupation. The non-thermal radiation increased offspring numbers, elevated hsp70 levels, increased SRE DNA-binding, and induced ELK-1 phosphorylation.
Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM. · 2003
Researchers exposed rats head-only to 900 MHz GSM electromagnetic fields at 1 and 3.5 W/kg for 45 minutes and compared performance with sham and control rats. In the first experiment, a slightly improved performance was found at 3.5 W/kg, but this was not seen in the delay task. In the third experiment, exploratory activity showed some effects but recognition memory was unaffected. Overall, the experiments provided no evidence that spatial or non-spatial memory is affected by this exposure.
Zeni et al. · 2003
Zeni, O., Schiavoni, A. · 2003
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 healthy donors to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields under various conditions. Exposures included continuous-wave and GSM-modulated signals at specific absorption rates of 1.6 W/kg and 0.2 W/kg with different intermittent patterns. No statistically significant differences were found in micronucleus frequency or cell cycle kinetics across any exposure condition.
McNamee, J. · 2003
