Keshvari J, Lang S. · 2005
Researchers used the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computational method to calculate specific absorption rate (SAR) in anatomically correct adult and child head models exposed to a half-wave dipole at 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz. The ear and eye regions were studied because they represent realistic exposure scenarios for mobile wireless communication devices.
Kerekhanjanarong V et al. · 2005
The study aimed to investigate the effect of mobile phone use on the audiologic system in 98 subjects. Hearing was evaluated using audiometry, tympanometry, otoacoustic emission, and auditory brain stem evoked response. Comparison of audiograms between dominant and non-dominant ears showed no significant difference overall. In eight subjects who used mobile phones more than 60 minutes per day, the dominant ear had worse hearing thresholds than the non-dominant ear.
Kamibeppu K, Sugiura H. · 2005
Researchers recruited 651 eighth-grade students from five public junior high schools in the Tokyo metropolitan area and had them complete a questionnaire. The response rate was 88.8% with 578 participants, and about 49.3% of them owned a mobile phone. Students used phones more for e-mail than calls, with over half exchanging e-mails more than 10 times a day, mostly with schoolmates. Sociable students found phones useful for friendship but also experienced insecurity, stayed up late for e-mail, and felt they could not live without their phone.
Ilvonen S, Sihvonen AP, Karkkainen K, Sarvas J. · 2005
Researchers assessed extremely low frequency (ELF) fields induced in the human head by the battery currents of a mobile phone. They measured the magnetic field induced by the phone and used it to calculate resulting currents in the human head and brain. Both finite element method (FEM) and finite integration technique (FIT) were used for numerical computations. Computed current density values were compared with ICNIRP guidelines and found to be well within the limits.
Hunton J, Rose JM. · 2005
The study used an experiment where drivers with and without communication training completed a simulated driving course under three conversation conditions. Cellular telephone conversations consumed more attention and interfered more with driving than passenger conversations. Cell phone conversations lack nonverbal cues available in close-contact conversations, leading participants to expend significant cognitive resources to compensate. Communication training may reduce the hazardous effects of cell phone conversations on driving performance.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2005
Researchers conducted a case-control study of benign brain tumors with 413 cases and 692 controls. For meningioma, analogue phone use yielded an odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 0.97-3.0), which increased to 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-4.3) with a latency period greater than 10 years. For acoustic neuroma, analogue phone use gave an odds ratio of 4.2 (95% CI 1.8-10) that rose to 8.4 (95% CI 1.6-45) with a latency period greater than 15 years, though based on low numbers. Digital phone use was associated with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI 1.05-3.8) for acoustic neuroma, while cordless phone use did not show a significant increase. In multivariate analysis, analogue phones were a significant risk factor for acoustic neuroma.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2005
Researchers investigated the association between cellular or cordless telephone use and brain tumour risk in urban and rural areas of Sweden. The study included 1429 cases and 1470 controls aged 20 to 80 years diagnosed between 1997 and 2000. Use of different phone types was assessed by questionnaire with one control matched for sex and age per case. Rural residence with digital phone use showed an odds ratio of 1.4 increasing to 3.2 with longer latency, while urban residence showed odds ratios of 0.9. The effect was most obvious for malignant brain tumours.
Garcia Callejo FJ et al. · 2005
Researchers evaluated a group of healthy mobile phone users and a control group of non-users with audiometry at baseline and after three years. Mobile phone users made an average of 24.3 active contacts and accumulated 50.4 days of phone use over three years. After the follow-up, users had a 1 to 5 dB HL greater increase in hearing threshold at speech tones than controls (p<0.001). A trend linked longer phone use to greater hearing loss but was not statistically significant. The authors concluded that frequent mobile phone use over a middle period of time allows to detect a mild hearing loss, but the cause remains unclear.
Curcio G et al. · 2005
Researchers recorded resting EEG from 20 healthy subjects to study the effect of mobile phone EMF on waking brain activity. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups and exposed double-blind to a 902.40 MHz signal modulated at 217 Hz with 0.25 W average power before or during EEG recording. Real exposure influenced alpha band spectral power in some bins compared to baseline and sham, with a greater effect when the EMF was on during recording. The authors concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF can affect normal brain functioning, but no health effect conclusions were drawn.
Bit-Babik et al. · 2005
The study used FDTD computations to calculate locally averaged SAR in anatomically correct adult and child head models with the IEEE standard averaging algorithm. Peak local average SAR over 1 g and 10 g of tissue and electromagnetic energy penetration depths were about the same across all head models under the same exposure conditions. Child head models were created by linear scaling of the adult model and by transforming adult models based on children's external head shapes, with tissue properties kept the same. Modeling and experimental measurements also used three spheres filled with tissue-equivalent mixture to approximate heads of increasing size.
Bianchi A, Phillips JG. · 2005
Researchers drew potential predictors from addiction literature to predict problematic mobile phone use from extraversion, self-esteem, neuroticism, gender, and age. They devised and validated the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale as a reliable self-report instrument against the Addiction Potential Scale and overall mobile phone usage levels. Problem use was a function of age, extraversion, and low self-esteem, but not neuroticism. The study supports community concerns about mobile phone use and identifies groups for intervention campaigns.
Barteri M, Pala A, Rotella S. · 2005
Researchers exposed an aqueous solution of electric eel acetylcholinesterase to emissions from a commercial cellular phone. The exposure altered the enzyme's activity and irreversibly affected its structural and biochemical characteristics. The authors note that the results cannot determine hazardous health effects but may be a first step for further verification.
Barcal J, Cendelín J, Vozeh F, Zalud V. · 2005
Researchers performed direct registration of brain cortical and hippocampal activity during high-frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Experiments used urethane anaesthesia in Lurcher mutant mice with wild type littermates as controls. Animals were exposed to HF EMF with frequency corresponding to cellular phones. ECoG evaluation showed a distinct shift to lower frequency components in healthy mice but only gentle differences in Lurcher mutant mice. Hippocampal rhythmicity showed gentle changes with increase of higher frequencies and changes in theta oscillations in both animal types.
Balikci K, Cem Ozcan I, Turgut-Balik D, Balik HH. · 2005
Wang Q, Cao ZJ, Bai XT. · 2005
Researchers exposed cerebral cortical neurons from postnatal rats to 900 MHz continuous microwave EMF with a SAR of 1.15 to 3.22 mW/g for 2 hours per day over 6 consecutive days and for 12 hours at one time. GABA receptor was selected as the biological endpoint. Significant changes in GABA receptor expression were observed in exposed neurons (P < 0.01), and the expression was significantly regulated by the microwave with a power window effect.
Vangelova KK, Israel MS. · 2005
Researchers measured urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin and three stress hormones in 36 male operators working fast-rotating extended shifts under radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Exposure levels were high for broadcasting station operators, low for TV station operators, and very low for satellite station operators. Radiofrequency EMR had no effect on the typical diurnal pattern of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. High-level exposure significantly increased excretion rates of cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, while low-level exposure changes were not significant. The 24-hour excretion of cortisol and noradrenaline correlated with time-weighted average exposure measures.
Seaman RL, Phelix CF. · 2005
3-NP significantly increased ER intracisternal width, ER area density, and nuclear envelope thickness. Microwave exposure at 6 W/kg alone also significantly increased these measures. Exposure of 3-NP-treated animals at 0.6 W/kg reduced the effects of 3-NP.
Rodina A, Lass J, Riipulk J, Bachmann T, Hinrikus H · 2005
Ten healthy volunteers were exposed to a 450 MHz, 0.16 mW/cm² electromagnetic field modulated at 7 Hz. The task required identifying two sequentially presented unfamiliar faces and their order from a set of six photos. Performance was significantly worse during real exposure than during sham, but the difference was only 5 %.
Nikolova T et al. · 2005
ELF-EMF significantly affected transcript levels of bcl-2, bax, and GADD45 genes but did not affect neural-specific gene mRNA levels. RF-EMF down-regulated neural-specific Nurr1 and up-regulated bax and GADD45 mRNA levels. Short-term RF-EMF exposure for 6 hours caused a transient increase in DNA double-strand breaks, while 48-hour exposure did not. No effects were observed on mitochondrial function, nuclear apoptosis, cell proliferation, or chromosomal alterations.
Janssen T, Boege P, von Mikusch-Buchberg J, Raczek J. · 2005
Researchers investigated potential effects of electromagnetic fields from GSM cellular phones on outer hair cells by measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in 28 normally hearing subjects. No significant change in DPOAE level was found in response to EMF exposure. After compensating for undesired side effects, an extremely small exposure-correlated change of less than 1 dB was observed in some subjects, which the researchers suggested was physiologically irrelevant given the very large dynamic range of hearing in humans.
Huber R et al. · 2005
Researchers investigated the effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields similar to those emitted by mobile phones on waking regional cerebral blood flow in 12 healthy young men. Positron emission tomography scans were taken after 30 min unilateral head exposure to pulse-modulated 900 MHz RF EMF, and a sham control condition was also included. Only the 'handset-like' signal, which had stronger low-frequency components, increased relative cerebral blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the side of exposure; the 'base-station-like' signal did not.
Finnie JW. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields using a purpose-designed exposure system, giving each animal a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg. The study measured activation of the immediate early gene c-fos in mouse brain tissue after this acute exposure. Activation of c-fos in exposed and sham-exposed brains was comparable, but was greatly increased compared with freely moving controls. The results suggest that the majority of the acute genomic response detected by c-fos expression was due to immobilisation.
Cosquer B, Vasconcelos AP, Frohlich J, Cassel JC. · 2005
Bachmann M, Kalda J, Lass J, Tuulik V, Säkki M, Hinrikus H. · 2005
Researchers exposed 23 healthy volunteers to a 450 MHz microwave field with 7 Hz frequency on-off modulation, with a field power density of 0.16 mW cm(-2) at the scalp. The study compared traditional spectral analysis and a new non-linear method called analysis of the length distribution of low-variability periods to detect EEG changes from microwave exposure. The non-linear method detected a significant effect in six exposed subjects, while spectral analysis found a significant result for only one subject.
Adair ER et al. · 2005
Researchers measured thermoregulatory responses in six adult volunteers during 45-minute whole-body exposures to 220 MHz radio frequency energy at three power densities and three ambient temperatures. Esophageal temperature showed small changes of no more than 0.35 °C and never exceeded 37.3 °C under any test condition. Vigorous sweating occurred at PD = 12 and 15 mW/cm(2), with sweating levels higher than those observed for equivalent PD at 100 MHz. The researchers concluded that exposed subjects thermoregulate efficiently through increased heat loss responses, particularly sweating.
