Unknown authors · 2026
The review integrates evidence from magnetobiology and sex-based physiology to propose that hormonal and structural dimorphism may modulate biological responses to magnetic field. It notes that biological effects depend on field intensity, frequency, polarity, and direction, which are often overlooked. The review outlines potential mechanisms involving ion-channel modulation, magnetite orientation, and radical-pair dynamics, and proposes experimental paradigms to test these interactions.
Bektas H, Seker A, Ustun R, Dogu S · 2026
Researchers exposed primary mouse dorsal root ganglion cultures to pulsed 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF-EMF for 1 to 24 hours in a GTEM-based setup. Dosimetry confirmed non-thermal exposure with temperature differences below 0.1°C. They assessed cell viability, ROS levels, mitochondrial apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3), and p75^NTR using blinded confocal analysis. Exposure caused a time-dependent reduction in viability, robust ROS elevations, increased Bax and caspase-3, decreased Bcl-2, and cytochrome c release, with maximal effects at 12 to 24 hours. p75^NTR upregulation indicated maladaptive neurotrophin signaling.
Laván D et al. · 2025
The researchers indirectly analyzed the relationship between oxidative-stress-responsive genes after Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz exposure and genes linked to Alzheimer’s disease. They reported that prolonged exposure to this radiation could worsen the modification of key neurodegeneration genes such as GSK3B and APOE. The authors note that the link between wireless systems and Alzheimer’s disease remains inconclusive and requires further research.
Iakovenko NS et al. · 2025
Researchers investigated the effects of alternating MF generated by PL on spontaneous magnetic alignment in 36 dogs. Behavior was recorded under north–south (NS) and east–west (EW) oriented PL and compared with control conditions lacking anthropogenic MF. Under control geomagnetically calm conditions, alignment was bimodal with a grand mean of 23°/203°. Under NS-oriented PL, alignment remained bimodal with a grand mean of 5°/185°. Under EW-oriented PL, alignment became trimodal with a grand mean of 103°/283°.
Devlin J, Gilbert RJ · 2025
The authors reviewed 124 manuscripts to bridge basic research and clinical translation on electrical stimulation effects on neurons and glia in vitro and in vivo. Direct current stimulation promotes axonal extension toward the cathode while axons retract at the anode, limiting regeneration. Alternating current stimulation alternates electrode polarity, enabling axonal extension in both directions. Electrical stimulation downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulates anti-inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes and microglia, promoting regenerative states. Both direct and alternating current stimulation enhance oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation into oligodendrocytes, increasing myelin content.
Unknown authors · 2025
Levitt et al · 2025
Ziegenbalg L, Güntürkün O, Winklhofer M · 2025
Researchers trained adult zebrafish to avoid a green LED light spot while exposing some groups to a sinusoidal magnetic field at 0.3 Hz with intensities of 0.015 mT and 0.06 mT. The 0.06 mT magnetic field reduced learning performance and altered response behavior despite the visual cue being sufficient to drive avoidance. The authors suggest that extremely low frequency magnetic fields of Earth-strength amplitude can act as cross-modal distractors diverting attention from nonmagnetic sensory cues.
Zheng Y, Wang M, Dong L, Tian C, Qi D, Chen Y · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used APP/PS1 double transgenic AD model mice, grouped them by water maze performance, and applied 40 Hz/10 mT pulsed magnetic field stimulation. Compared with the AD group, the stimulated group showed alleviation of mitochondrial crest structure loss and significant improvement in mitochondrial dynamics indexes (P < 0.001). The stimulation also improved sympathetic nerve excitation and parasympathetic nerve inhibition, and significantly improved spatial cognitive memory ability (P < 0.05).
Unknown authors · 2025
Larvae showed robust electrotaxis, moving toward the cathode and adjusting their path when the field orientation changed. A behavioral screen identified a subset of sensory neurons at the tip of the larval head that are necessary for electrotaxis. Calcium imaging revealed that a pair of Gr66a-positive sensory neurons, one on each side of the head, encodes the strength and orientation of the electric field.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used whole brain activity mapping, tissue clearing, and light sheet microscopy to identify neuronal populations activated by magnetic stimuli in pigeons. They found robust, light-independent bilateral neuronal activation in the medial vestibular nuclei and the caudal mesopallium. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the semicircular cristae revealed specialized type II hair cells that express the molecular machinery for detection of magnetic stimuli by electromagnetic induction. The data supports a model where electromagnetic input from the semicircular canals activates a vestibular-mesopallial circuit in the pigeon brain.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers pre-applied ELF-EMF to a neuroblastoma neuronal cell line before exposing it to 4 hours of zinc intoxication to model Tau-microtubule dissociation. The ELF-EMF exposure enhanced microtubule dynamics and increased Tau-microtubule interaction despite zinc toxicity. Additional 1-hour concomitant treatments comparing 3.9 Hz and 40 Hz at 1 G showed effects on Tau phosphorylation accentuated at 40 Hz and reduction in beta tubulin isotypes most pronounced at 3.9 Hz.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers studied 155,562 individuals living in buildings with indoor transformer stations, comparing 5,652 residents in apartments next to the transformer room (exposed) with 115,772 residents on higher floors (referents). Alzheimer's disease cases were identified from the Drug Purchase Register and the Drug Reimbursement Register, and associations were analyzed with Cox proportional hazard models. The overall hazard ratio for Alzheimer's disease was 1.02 (95% CI 0.85–1.22), showing no increased risk, and the hazard ratio for those who began residence before age 50 was 1.22 (95% CI 0.94–1.57), which was not statistically significant.
Kakikawa M, Kenmochi A, Yamada S · 2025
The magnetic field reduced the number of feeding aggregates by 40% in the IM222 mutant and by 25% in the DA609 mutant. The same magnetic field did not affect the mutants' movement speed or attraction to the odorant diacetyl over 90 minutes.
Hui Y, Sun C, Yang Q, Liu G, Yuan T, He P, Qin X · 2025
Researchers developed a non-contact electrical stimulation platform using a magnetic field-coupled nerve conduit made of polycaprolactone, conductive polymer, and black phosphorus. The conduit exhibited excellent electrical properties and biocompatibility, and when placed in an external rotating magnetic field it transmitted pulsed currents to targeted sites via electromagnetic induction. Regeneration levels with the magnetic field-driven conduit were comparable to autologous transplantation, and it enhanced axonal regeneration, neovascularization, and inflammation regulation.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed aged mice to 50 Hz ELF-MF at 1 mT for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks. Sham-exposed aged mice showed a significant age-related decline in spatial memory compared to young adult mice. Chronic ELF-MF exposure did not worsen this memory decline or change hippocampal levels of APP-695, Aβ(1−42), S100b, GFAP, or the pTau/Tau ratio.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers fed juvenile loggerhead turtles repeatedly in magnetic fields replicating particular oceanic locations. The turtles learned to distinguish magnetic fields where they encountered food from fields that exist elsewhere. Conditioned responses in the magnetic map assay were unaffected by radiofrequency oscillating magnetic fields, while orientation behavior requiring the magnetic compass was disrupted by such fields.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed planaria to a theta burst electromagnetic field of 1 μT intensity and 100 Hz bursts in a T-maze with an aversive light stimulus. Planaria that received only the light stimulus learned to avoid the associated maze arm, shown by a significant decrease in preferred arm selections. Planaria exposed to the electromagnetic field before or after light exposure did not show this learning, as their arm selections remained stable.
Eduardo PI, Leticia VD · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
The study found that PEMFs increased new bone formation and nerve innervation, promoting osteogenesis and reducing adipogenesis in MSCs of aging male mice. PEMF-induced osteogenesis was impaired when sensory nerves were dysfunctional. PEMFs stimulated sensory nerves to secrete Sema3A, which acted through the Nrp1 receptor on leptin-receptor-expressing MSCs to drive osteogenesis, inhibit adipogenesis, and counteract cellular senescence. Depleting sensory nerves or knocking out Sema3A or Nrp1 abolished the bone-forming effects of PEMFs.
Unknown authors · 2025
Gülmez K, Demirkazık A, Taşkıran AŞ · 2025
Twenty-four Wistar albino male rats were divided into sham, EMF, PTZ, and EMF+PTZ groups and exposed to alternating 50-Hz and 5-mT EMF for 165 min a day for 7 days while epileptic seizures were induced with PTZ. A statistically significant difference was observed in learning and short-term memory between the EMF+PTZ group and the PTZ group. Analgesia latency statistically significantly increased in the ELF-EMF and ELF-EMF+PTZ groups compared with both the control and epilepsy groups. TOS increased in the prefrontal cortex of the PTZ group versus sham, increased in the hippocampus of both PTZ and ELF-EMF+PTZ groups versus sham, and ELF-EMF decreased the hippocampal TOS increase in the PTZ group.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900-MHz EMF for 2 hours daily during three gestational periods: GD 1–7, GD 8–14, and GD 15–21. Female offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 28 and hippocampal PARP-1 and Caspase-3 expression was evaluated. Pyramidal neurons in the CA region appeared normal after GD 1–7 exposure but were darkly stained and shrunken after GD 15–21 exposure. The GD 15–21 exposure group showed strong PARP-1 and Caspase-3 immune reactivity in CA and dentate gyrus cells with higher H-scores. The authors concluded that EMF at GD 15–21 triggered hippocampal neuron death by activating PARP-1 and Caspase-3.
