Laldinpuii et al. · 2026
Researchers compared 50 people highly exposed to mobile phone base stations with 51 reference individuals, measuring complete blood counts and the stress markers amylase and cortisol. Stepwise regression showed that base-station exposure significantly predicted total leukocyte count, while gender, age and power density predicted basophil and monocyte counts, and daily mobile-phone use with age predicted basophil and lymphocyte counts. Almost a quarter of the highly base-station-exposed group had basophil counts above reference limits, and over half of heavy mobile-phone users (4–6 hours daily) had lymphocyte counts above limits, most under 30 years old. Smoking and age influenced amylase, but no exposure variable affected amylase or cortisol.
Unknown authors · 2026
The review integrates evidence from magnetobiology and sex-based physiology to propose that hormonal and structural dimorphism may modulate biological responses to magnetic field. It notes that biological effects depend on field intensity, frequency, polarity, and direction, which are often overlooked. The review outlines potential mechanisms involving ion-channel modulation, magnetite orientation, and radical-pair dynamics, and proposes experimental paradigms to test these interactions.
Unknown authors · 2026
Belenko J, Cancel G, Mayrovitz HN · 2025
A systematic literature search identified 1,718 articles published between 1964 and 2023, and after removing duplicates 36 studies were included. Myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome incidence increased during geomagnetic storms, solar proton events, and high-speed solar wind; stroke risk rose up to 52% during severe storms, especially in young adults. Low geomagnetic activity combined with high cosmic ray activity was consistently associated with increased myocardial infarction incidence and mortality, and the authors noted that findings remain inconsistent, rely on ecological designs, and are preliminary.
Mendoza-Mari Y, Stojanovic M, Miulli DE, Agrawal DK · 2025
The researchers used an in vitro model treating two cell lines with TNF-α and then stimulating them with two frequencies of low-frequency EMF. Both cell lines reduced target gene levels after EMF exposure, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers continuously exposed chicken embryos to Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 300 µW/m² for 9 and 14 embryonic days. Standard haematoxylin and eosin staining showed no notable differences in large blood vessel structure between exposed and control groups. Special staining methods revealed an adverse effect of Wi-Fi on the fibrous elements of the vessel wall. Elastic fiber optical density decreased significantly at both 9 and 14 embryonic days, while collagen fiber optical density increased at day 9 and decreased at day 14.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used 32 Wistar Albino rats divided into four groups: sham, MIR, prophylactic RF-EMF plus MIR, and therapeutic RF-EMF plus MIR. After the experiment, blood and terminal ileum samples were collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic, and biochemical analyses. In the MIR group, expressions of Cas-3, TNF-α, VEGF, BAX, and HIF-1α increased, while OSI levels and PCNA, BCL2, and eNOS expressions decreased. Marked hyperemia, hemorrhage, edema, inflammatory cell infiltrations, and erosion or ulcers were observed in the MIR group. Both prophylactic and therapeutic RF-EMF treatment reversed these molecular and pathological changes, with therapeutic treatment showing more effective recovery.
Unknown authors · 2025
Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (Sham, IR, IR+RF-EMF, RF-EMF), and IR was applied by 60 minutes of left lung hilus clamping followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion, while all rats were kept in the RF-EMF unit for 60 minutes with or without activation. IR injury increased emphysematous findings, hyperemia, septal thickness, TNF-alpha and caspase-3 expression, and raised total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, HIF-1α, eNOS, and BAX while decreasing BCL2. In the IR+RF-EMF group, improvement was detected in all parameters, indicating antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects through the HIF-1α/eNOS and BCL-2/BAX pathways.
Weerasinghe AM, Liyanage S, Kawshalya MADR, Hong SC · 2024
Kobayashi- Sun J et al. · 2024
Researchers used zebrafish scales as an in vivo model to study the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on fracture healing. Exposure to 10 mT ELF-EMFs at 60 Hz increased the numbers of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts at the fracture site, while 3 mT and 30 mT did not. The exposure also upregulated wnt10b and Wnt target genes and enhanced β-catenin expression at the fracture site. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by IWR-1-endo treatment reduced both osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the fractured scale exposed to ELF-EMFs.
Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Wang P, Ding H, Liu C, Lyu J, Le W · 2024
Researchers measured 0.14 THz wave penetration across mouse skulls and found approximately 70% penetration. They then exposed an Alzheimer's disease mouse model to repeated low-frequency terahertz waves on the head. The treatment significantly improved cognitive impairment and reduced amyloid-β deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. It also attenuated mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss in the brain.
Unknown authors · 2024
Twelve male rats aged 21 days were randomly assigned to control and EMF groups, with the EMF group exposed to 0.9 GHz EMF for one hour a day over 25 days. Exposure increased kidney tissue volume and weight, total body weight, and levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in kidney tissue. Histopathological evaluation revealed cortical and medullary bleeding, widespread fibrosis, tubular dilatation and degeneration, glomerular damage, and degeneration of Bowman's membrane, podocytes, and mesangial cells.
Zhou H et al. · 2023
MF treatment significantly enhanced electricity generation and overall energy efficiency of G. sulfurreducens by 50% and 22%, respectively. The response of current to MFs was instantaneous and reversible. Cyclic voltammetry showed redox couples changed from -0.31 to -0.39 V, suggesting that MFs could alter electron transfer components. Genes for periplasmic c-type cytochromes, outer membrane cytochromes, pili, and ribosome were upregulated under MF treatment. Enhanced electron transfer was also linked to overexpression of NADH dehydrogenase I, ABC transporter, transcriptional regulation, and ATP synthase.
Wang H et al. · 2023
Yadav H, Singh R · 2023
Unknown authors · 2023
Exposure significantly increased cardiac protein expression of mitochondrial Complex I, II, III, and IV subunits, while Complex V expression remained stable. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was modified in exposed mice. Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme SOD2 were unchanged, and no structural or functional heart abnormalities were found.
Li et al. · 2023
Unknown authors · 2023
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz EMF radiation for 6, 12, or 24 hours per day over 20 days. After birth, six male pups per group were randomly selected for histopathological and biochemical analysis of myocardial tissue. Myocardial damage was greatest in the 2100 MHz 24-hour group, which also had higher MDA and lower GSH levels. At 1800 MHz, the 24-hour exposure group showed greater damage, higher MDA, and lower GSH compared to shorter durations. The authors concluded that myocardial tissue is more affected by long-term high-frequency EMF exposure and raised concerns about 5G technology.
Unknown authors · 2021
Tasić T et al. · 2020
Researchers exposed spontaneously hypertensive rats to upward or downward oriented static magnetic fields of moderate intensity for a subchronic period. Rats exposed to downward oriented fields showed a lack of anxious-like behavior. Both field orientations decreased platelets in peripheral blood, granulocytes in spleen and bone marrow, and increased erythrocytes in the spleen. Upward oriented fields decreased blood lymphocytes and bone marrow erythrocytes, while downward oriented fields increased bone marrow lymphocytes. Heart and kidney morphological characteristics were unaffected by either field orientation.
Sharma A , Shrivastava S, Shukla S · 2020
The study evaluated microwave radiation at 1800 MHz and a specific absorption rate of 0.433 W/kg on male Wistar rats. Rats were exposed for 90 days at four hours per day, five days per week. DNA damage increased in brain neurons and acetylcholinesterase levels declined significantly.
Unknown authors · 2019
Twenty subjects underwent 30 minutes of acute cold exposure with blood drawn at baseline, during exposure, and two hours after. Acute cold exposure increased heart rate by 11%, shivering sensations fourfold, pain twofold, oxygen consumption by 50%, and energy expenditure by 52%. IL-1? rose 24% at 30 minutes and 65% at two hours post-exposure, alpha-2-macroglobin rose 16% at 30 minutes then returned to baseline, and HDL rose 15% at two hours. Sex differences were observed for IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, ferritin, alpha-2-macroglobin, and HDL.
Seif F, Bayatiani MR, Ansarihadipour H, Habibi G, Sadelaji S · 2018
Researchers divided adult male rats into three groups: a control group, a group exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF), and a group given Myrtus communis extract before ELFMF exposure. The magnetic field was set at 0.7 mT and 50 Hz, applied for two hours a day for one month. ELFMF exposure decreased plasma antioxidant power and significantly increased markers of oxidative damage, including protein carbonyl, methemoglobin, and hemichrome concentrations. Administration of M. communis extract increased antioxidant power and decreased plasma protein carbonyl, methemoglobin, and hemichrome concentrations.
Lippi G et al. · 2017
Researchers collected two sequential citrated blood samples from 16 healthy volunteers and exposed one sample to a smartphone call for 30 minutes at 900 MHz. Exposure significantly prolonged collagen-epinephrine aggregation by a median of 10% and increased mean platelet volume by a median of 5%. Collagen-adenosine diphosphate aggregation and platelet count did not change.
Cichoń N, Bijak M, Miller E, Saluk J. · 2017
Researchers investigated the effect of ELF-EMF on clinical and antioxidant status in post-stroke patients. Fifty-seven patients were divided into two groups: ELF-EMF and non-ELF-EMF, and both groups underwent the same 4-week rehabilitation program. The ELF-EMF group was additionally exposed to a field of 40 Hz, 7 mT for 15 min/day for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. ELF-EMF significantly increased enzymatic antioxidant activity, though total antioxidant status levels did not change in either group.
