Human cells response to electromagnetic waves of radio and microwave frequenciesSouchelnytskyi S et al. · 2025
The review highlights recent achievements in elucidating molecular mechanisms of RF and MW effects. It also highlights a direction for successful practical application in humans. Human cells both generate and absorb electromagnetic waves. Information about sensing and responding to EMW at different Hz frequencies is still fragmentary. The reported impact of RF and MW frequencies is variable, from harmful to human health to promising applications for diagnostics and treatment of diseases such as cancer.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers examined published reports on oxidative stress, DNA damage, and disease risk related to EMF exposure. The literature review provided the foundation for building a new conceptual model called the Electromagnetic Pathogenesis (EMP) model. The EMP model proposes that non-ionizing EMFs increase the probability of electron tunneling through the mitochondrial electron transport chain as the primary pathophysiological mechanism. The model suggests induced electric fields and quantum tunneling may enhance electron leakage during mitochondrial respiration, a major source of free radicals. The human brain's social communication networks are described as highly vulnerable to oxidative stress from EMF exposure, and long-term exposure may negatively affect social and reproductive behaviors.
Panagopoulos et al · 2025
Anthropogenic EMFs, especially wireless communications, are fully polarized, coherent, and highly variable, unlike natural EMFs. Wireless communication fields consist of microwave carrier waves modulated by ELF signals and on/off pulses at various ELF rates, with intense random variability in the ULF band. Epidemiological and laboratory studies link ELF or wireless EMF exposure to cancer, infertility, electro-hypersensitivity and other pathologies, and find DNA damage and oxidative stress as explanatory mechanisms.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers divided 40 mice into four groups to evaluate whether pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy could inhibit bone resorption in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoporosis. Spleen tissue analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 expression in the PEMF group. Micro-CT and histological analysis confirmed that PEMF inhibited femoral bone loss and promoted bone regeneration in calvarial defects.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed several human and rodent cell types to 60 Hz ELF-MF at 10 and 16 mT for 72 hours. All cell types showed an approximately 20% or greater increase in proliferation at 14 mT compared with sham exposure, with no further increase at 16 mT. The proliferation increase was accompanied by activation of the MEK-ERK pathway and NF-κB, but not Akt, and a slight increase in S phase population, while ROS and calcium levels remained unchanged.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers constructed a cell membrane model with the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 embedded. They calculated vibrational spectra of TIP3P molecules and carboxyl and carbonyl groups in the selectivity filter region at 13.4, 48.7, and 53.2 THz. They measured changes in ion channel pore radius distribution and secondary structures of Cav1.1 triggered by external terahertz electromagnetic fields. They used umbrella sampling to assess functional changes via potential of mean force profiles of Ca2+ permeation. The results showed Cav1.1 has highly frequency specificity, emphasizing the importance of terahertz resonance with biomolecules.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed newborn male Drosophila melanogaster to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m2 continuously throughout their life cycle in constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis after long-term exposure revealed disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites. Key metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG showed significant decreases. The authors suggest that long-term electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce overall metabolic levels in fruit flies.
Wang H, Zou W, Ding C, Cao Y · 2025
Researchers exposed MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to radiofrequency radiation at intensities of 50, 150, and 450 μW/cm². The 150 μW/cm² exposure caused the greatest reduction in cell viability, increased lipid peroxidation, and disturbed iron homeostasis. ATF4 knockdown worsened these effects, while ATF4 overexpression protected the cells from radiation-induced damage.
Miles A, Porch A, Choi H, Cripps S, Brown H, Williams C · 2025
Researchers designed a high-throughput waveguide applicator that exposed 96 samples simultaneously to a quantifiable electric field at 2.45 GHz. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria received non-thermal microsecond-pulsed microwave exposure at 25 W r.m.s. for 24 h. After exposure, the bacteria showed significantly higher optical density measurements and growth rates than thermal controls. Fluorescent probes indicated that microwave exposure altered the cellular redox state.
Unknown authors · 2025
The study evaluated the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial ROS production, and cellular stress protein responses. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 minutes or 24 hours, respectively. No significant effects were found on the mean bursting rate or mean firing rate of cortical neurons, mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts remained unaffected, and HSF1 basal activity and responsiveness to MG132 showed no change. BRET assays detected only minor, inconsistent variations in RAS and PML basal activity and drug responsiveness, near the detection threshold.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human fibroblasts to 5G RF-EMF at SAR of 0.08 and 4 W/kg for 24 hours using BRET-based biosensors. No significant effect was found on oxidative stress markers, adaptive response, or CPD repair kinetics and efficiency.
Günay S, Delen K, Özkan ET, Kuzay Aksoy D, Sırav Aral B · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Chick embryos were exposed continuously to 2.4 GHz EMR for 4 hours each day over 5 days, and SH-SY5Y cells were also exposed to assess cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Exposure increased ROS production in SH-SY5Y cells after 4 hours, caused moderate DNA damage, and upregulated the Bax gene as an early apoptosis marker. Antioxidants NAC and Mito-TEMPO reduced the cytotoxic effects of EMR in both models.
Unknown authors · 2024
After four weeks the offspring were sacrificed and hippocampal, kidney, and liver tissues were examined for injury. EMF exposure increased necrotic areas in the hippocampus, hyperemia and necrosis in the kidneys, and degeneration in the liver compared with the group that received both EMF and curcumin. Daily curcumin during pregnancy prevented these tissue injuries in the fetuses.
Senavirathna MDHJ, Maimaiti Z · 2024
The study assessed the short-term impact of low-intensity 2.45 GHz exposure on young Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Plants were exposed to continuous wave 2.45 GHz microwaves at 1.0 ± 0.1 W m−2 for 48 hours in anechoic chambers. Exposure increased photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, guaiacol peroxidase activity, and ascorbic peroxidase activity, while catalase activity decreased. Photosystem efficiency remained unchanged, non-photochemical quenching increased, leaf morphology showed no significant changes, and genomic template stability was unaffected.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers evaluated the impact of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz RF EMF on mitochondrial stress in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes exposed for 24 hours at specific absorption rates of 0.25, 1, and 4 W/kg. They found a statistically significant reduction in mitochondrial ROS in fibroblasts at 1 W/kg, a slight but statistically significant enhancement of UV-B effects in keratinocytes at 0.25 and 1 W/kg, and no effect on mitochondrial membrane potential or apoptosis in any cell type or exposure condition.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed 2-day-old Carniolan worker honey bees to radiofrequency fields of 12 V/m, 28 V/m, and 61 V/m for 0.25, 1, and 3 hours. Hemolymph was collected from 40 bees per group immediately after exposure to measure total proteins, glucose, triglycerides, and TAS activity. The 12 V/m and 28 V/m exposure groups showed statistically significant differences in total proteins, TAS, and triglycerides compared to controls in most cases. The researchers concluded that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields disturb honey bee nutrition and the changes may have long-term effects.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers studied the impact of 2850 MHz electromagnetic field radiation on red and green cabbage seedlings, exposing them daily for seven days to homogeneous EMF-r for one, two, or four hours. Exposure caused dose-dependent reductions in root length, shoot length, and biomass in both cultivars compared with controls. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased significantly in both red and green cabbage. Phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents increased with exposure duration in both cultivars. EMF-r produced oxidative stress shown by dose-dependent increases in total antioxidant activity, DPPH activity, H2O2 content, and MDA content, while antioxidant enzyme activities increased significantly.
Gurhan, H., Barnes, F. · 2024
Coskun ZO et al. · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to 2.45 GHz EMR for 24 hours with sulforaphane at 5, 10, and 25 µg/mL. Higher sulforaphane concentrations caused harmful effects and the compound showed a hormetic response in Nrf2, SOD2, and apoptosis markers.
Thill A, Cammaerts MC, Balmori A · 2023
This systematic review summarizes the results of studies investigating the toxicity of electromagnetic fields in insects. The review focuses on detrimental effects from technological infrastructure, particularly power lines and cellular networks. Biological effects of non-thermal EMF on insects are clearly proven in the laboratory but only partly in the field. The authors state that extrapolating from laboratory results warrants increasing the threat level of environmental EMF impact on insects.
Unknown authors · 2023
Unknown authors · 2023
The study examined RF-EMF effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in indoor and outdoor settings using DECT (1890–1900 MHz) and Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) frequencies. Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and did not affect flowering time. In field conditions, RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced photosynthetic efficiency, accelerated flowering, down-regulated VDE and ZEP genes, and lowered FV/FM and NPQ under light stress.
