Buczyński A et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human blood platelets to electromagnetic fields characteristic of car environments. Free radical generation increased after 30 and 90 minutes of exposure. Malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, reached its highest levels after 30 and 90 minutes compared to controls. The results indicate that platelets are sensitive to this environmental factor.
Adair ER et al. · 2005
Researchers measured thermoregulatory responses in six adult volunteers during 45-minute whole-body exposures to 220 MHz radio frequency energy at three power densities and three ambient temperatures. Esophageal temperature showed small changes of no more than 0.35 °C and never exceeded 37.3 °C under any test condition. Vigorous sweating occurred at PD = 12 and 15 mW/cm(2), with sweating levels higher than those observed for equivalent PD at 100 MHz. The researchers concluded that exposed subjects thermoregulate efficiently through increased heat loss responses, particularly sweating.
Tahvanainen K et al. · 2004
Researchers conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with 32 healthy subjects exposed to 900 MHz (2 W) and 1800 MHz (1 W) cellular phone signals and sham exposure in separate sessions. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate did not change significantly during or after the 35-minute RF exposures at either frequency compared to sham exposure. Blood pressure was measured with an arm cuff and heart rate was recorded during and after each 35-minute exposure session.
Celik O, Hascalik S. · 2004
The study was planned to determine the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on baseline fetal heart rate, acceleration, and deceleration. Forty pregnant women undergoing non-stress testing were enrolled. Non-stress tests were recorded while subjects held a cellular phone in standby mode and dialing mode for five minutes each, and also with no phone present for ten minutes.
Nylund R, Leszczynski D · 2004
Researchers exposed the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 to mobile phone radiation and examined protein expression using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Up to 38 proteins showed statistically significant changes in expression levels after irradiation. Four proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, including two isoforms of the cytoskeletal protein vimentin.
Munoz S, Sebastian JL, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2004
Researchers calculated the transmembrane voltage induced on erythrocyte, codocyte, ovalocyte, and spherocyte cell models exposed to a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave at 1800 MHz. The induced voltage on the original erythrocyte shape was higher than on the altered cell geometries. Erythrocyte shape and membrane electric permittivity were found to play a fundamental role in the induced transmembrane voltage values. A finite element numerical technique with adaptive meshing was used for the calculations.
Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Szyjkowska A, Gadzicka E. · 2004
The review investigated subjective symptoms reported by people living near cellular phone base stations. Questionnaire surveys revealed various complaints mostly of the circulatory system, plus sleep disturbances, irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite, headache and vertigo. Studies showed a relationship between symptom incidence, exposure level, and distance from base stations. This association appeared in both people who attributed symptoms to the base station and those who did not. No studies worldwide found exposures exceeding ICNIRP standards.
Kim MJ, Rhee SJ. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 15 minutes and then fed them diets containing 0%, 0.25%, or 0.5% catechin. Microwave exposure increased cytochrome P450 levels by 85% and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase activity by 29% compared with normal rats. It also raised superoxide radical concentrations by 35% and decreased superoxide dismutase activity by 34% and glutathione peroxidase activity by 28%. Catechin supplementation at 0.25% and 0.5% lowered superoxide radicals by 11% and 12%, increased superoxide dismutase activity by 19% and 25%, and kept glutathione peroxidase near normal.
Wilen J et al. · 2004
The study assessed electromagnetic field exposure among RF plastic sealer operators and examined their health status. Measurements showed mean electric field strength of 107 V/m and magnetic field strength of 0.24 A/m, with 11 of 46 sealers exceeding ICNIRP reference levels. RF operators, particularly ready-made clothing workers, had slightly disturbed two-point discrimination ability compared to controls. No significant difference in subjective symptom prevalence was found, but time-integrated exposure was linked to fatigue, headaches, and warmth sensations in the hands. RF operators also had significantly lower heart rate and more bradycardia episodes during 24-hour ECG monitoring.
Unknown authors · 2003
Kainz W, Alesch F, Chan DD. · 2003
Researchers tested 10 GSM phones at 900 MHz and 10 at 1800 MHz on the ITREL-III deep brain stimulator in a phantom model. At maximum phone power of 2 W at 900 MHz and 1 W at 1800 MHz, no influence on the stimulator was observed, and pulse shape and single pulses remained unchanged. However, tests with continuous-wave signals showed inhibition occurs at power levels below GSM phone emissions, with the device more sensitive at 1800 MHz than at 900 MHz and a very low interference threshold around 1500 MHz. The authors concluded no direct risk for patients using the tested phones but recommended precautions similar to cardiac pacemaker guidelines.
Haarala C et al. · 2003
Fourteen healthy right-handed subjects were scanned using PET with a [15O]water tracer during exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by a mobile phone and a sham-exposure under double-blind conditions. During scanning, the subjects performed a visual working memory task. Exposure to an active mobile phone produced a relative decrease in regional cerebral blood flow bilaterally in the auditory cortex but no rCBF changes were observed in the area of maximum EMF. The researchers considered it more likely that the findings resulted from an auditory signal from the active mobile phone and stated it is not reasoned to attribute the finding to the EMF emitted by the phone.
Monfrecola G, Moffa G, Procaccini EM. · 2003
The study assessed the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted by CFs on cutaneous blood flow in 30 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 53 years. Cutaneous blood flow was measured on the ear skin with a laser Doppler He-Ne flowmeter under controlled temperature and humidity. Microflow was recorded across phases T0 through T6, including no CF contact, CF off touching the ear, CF on, CF on and receiving, then back through CF on, CF off, and no contact. During phases T1 to T5 microflow increased by 61.38% to 157.67% relative to baseline, and all these phases showed statistically significant elevations compared with baseline.
Hirsch J et al. · 2003
Researchers compared cellular markers of erythrocyte damage with hemolysis indicators to evaluate microwave warming effects on packed red blood cells. Packed red blood cells were warmed in a water bath to temperatures up to 57°C and also to 35°C using a microwave blood warmer. Flow cytometry showed a decrease in the FSC/SSC ratio and antibody binding above 47°C. Free hemoglobin increased up to 25-fold at 52°C, and hemolysis markers rose further after 48 hours at 42°C and 47°C. Microwave warming to 35°C did not significantly change any marker.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Huber R et al. · 2003
Stopczyk D et al. · 2002
Researchers assessed the effect of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on SOD-1 activity and MDA level in human blood platelets exposed to 900 MHz for 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes. SOD-1 activity was significantly depleted after 1, 5, and 7 minutes of exposure and increased after 3 minutes compared with controls. MDA concentration increased significantly after 1, 5, and 7 minutes and decreased after 3 minutes compared with controls. The authors concluded that oxidative stress from microwave exposure may cause adverse cellular changes and systemic disturbances.
Braune S, Riedel A, Schulte-Monting J, Raczek J. · 2002
The study investigated the hypothesis that exposure to EMFs can increase sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. Forty healthy young males and females underwent a single-blind, placebo-controlled protocol on two different days with randomized EMF and placebo periods. The EMF exposure was a GSM-like signal at 900 MHz, pulsed with 217 Hz, 2 W, delivered by a mobile phone on the right side of the head. Blood pressure, heart rate, cutaneous capillary perfusion, and serum levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, and endothelin were measured. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased about 5 mmHg during the protocol, but the changes were independent of EMF exposure.
Unknown authors · 2001
Tri JL, Hayes DL, Smith TT, Severson RP · 2001
Researchers tested 17 different medical devices with 5 portable telephones (4 digital, 1 analog) to assess electromagnetic interference. Any type of interference occurred in 7 of the 17 devices during 54.7% of the 526 tests. The incidence of clinically important interference was 7.4%. Most test results showed the interference would rarely be clinically important.
Geller L, Thuroczy G, Merkely B. · 2001
Researchers examined electromagnetic compatibility of cellular phones and pacemakers in four phone systems and fifteen pacemaker types, both in vitro and in vivo in humans. They performed more than 1100 in-vitro and 130 in-vivo tests. No electromagnetic compatibility disturbance was observed with GSM and DCS 1800 MHz phones, while the highest problem rate occurred with NMT 450 MHz phones at 10.5% to 63%.
Chiladakis JA, Davlouros P, Agelopoulos G, Manolis AS. · 2001
Researchers tested cellular telephones with different power outputs in transmitting and receiving modes in 36 patients with transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators from Medtronic and Guidant/CPI during spontaneous cardiac activity and continuous VVI or DDD pacing. There was no damage, reprogramming, inappropriate shock therapy, or pacing inhibition, and digital cellular telephones did not represent a risk to recipients of the specific implantable defibrillator models tested. In seven pre-pectoral Medtronic devices, transient electromagnetic interference caused 19 erroneous sensing events when the phone was held near the programmer head, but these pseudo-oversensing events did not result in logging of arrhythmia episodes.
Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Hanazawa T, Barnes PJ · 2001
Researchers exposed eleven healthy adults to a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 minutes and measured skin temperature, nasal nitric oxide, and nasal minimal cross-sectional area. On the side of the phone, skin temperature rose significantly by 2.3°C at 6 minutes, nasal nitric oxide tended to increase by 12.9% at 10 minutes, and minimal cross-sectional area decreased by 27% at 15 minutes. These changes were absent when an earpiece was used, and the opposite side showed no temperature or nitric oxide change but a 38% increase in minimal cross-sectional area.
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2001
Researchers exposed samples to pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation at 2375 MHz with intensities of 0.8, 8.0, and 40.0 microW/cm2, modulation range 30-310 Hz, for 1-3 minutes. They observed a change in alkaline phosphotase activity in vitro.
Kainz W, Neubauer G, Alesch F, Schmid G, Jahn O. · 2001
Researchers reviewed published studies on the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic implants, sorting the available literature by combinations of implant types and sources of interference. Several experiments on the susceptibility of pacemakers to mobile phones had been performed, and results suggested measures that may be used to prevent disturbance of pacemakers. For some combinations, such as cardiac pacemakers and base station antennas, no studies were found in the literature.
