Lyskov E, Sandström M, Mild KH · 2001
Researchers investigated possible neurophysiological effects of an intermittent 15 sec on/off cycle, 60 Hz, 10 μT magnetic field on patients with perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) and control subjects during rest and a mental arithmetic task. Magnetic field exposure did not affect autonomic system or electroencephalographic variables in either group. EHS patients and controls showed significant differences in heart rate, heart rate spectrum ratio, and electrodermal activity, while EEG characteristics did not differ between groups.
Pakhomov AG et al. · 2000
Researchers compared extremely high power microwave pulses (EHPP) with low power pulses (LPP) at 9.2 GHz on isolated, spontaneously beating frog heart slices. Both exposure types produced the same temperature rise because EHPP train duration and average power were matched to LPP. The effects were proportional to heating, fully reversible, and reproducible with no delayed or irreversible effects observed. A single EHPP train or LPP immediately decreased the inter-beat interval in most cases. Temporary arrest of beats could be observed when microwave heating exceeded physiologically tolerable limits, regardless of exposure type.
Jauchem JR, Ryan KL, Freidagger MR · 2000
Ketamine-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1 GHz, 10 GHz, or combined 1 and 10 GHz microwaves at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 12 W/kg. Exposures were conducted in E and H orientations under far-field conditions until lethal temperatures were reached. Survival time was shortest at 1 GHz, intermediate for combined frequencies, and longest at 10 GHz, with most differences statistically significant. Temperature values at most sites for combined exposure fell between those of the single-frequency groups. Arterial blood pressure initially increased then decreased until death, heart rate increased throughout, and patterns were similar across all groups.
Kalns J, Ryan KL, Mason PA, Bruno JG, Gooden R, Kiel JL. · 2000
Grant FH, Schlegel RE, · 2000
Researchers evaluated 20 pacemaker-phone combinations involving 6 pacemakers and 9 phones in vitro under worst-case conditions. The phones represented CDMA, TDMA-11 Hz, TDMA-22 Hz, TDMA-50 Hz, and TDMA-217 Hz digital wireless technologies. Small increases in the perpendicular air gap between the phone and the saline surface resulted in a dramatic reduction in interaction, with approximately half of the 208 test runs showing interaction at 1 cm no longer interacting at 2 cm. At a gap of 7.4 cm the percentage of runs with interaction decreased to 1.4%, and the overall interaction rate was less than 0.07% at a perpendicular distance of 8.6 cm.
Nakamura H, Nagase H, Ogino K, Hatta K, Matsuzaki I · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to continuous-wave microwaves at 2 mW/cm² and 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured uteroplacental blood flow and hormone levels. Colonic temperature did not change significantly in either virgin or pregnant rats. Microwave exposure decreased uteroplacental blood flow and increased progesterone and PGF2α in pregnant rats but not in virgin rats. Pretreatment with angiotensin II prevented these changes in pregnant rats. Corticosterone increased and estradiol decreased during exposure regardless of pregnancy status or angiotensin II pretreatment.
Linz et al. · 1999
Researchers tested the effects of radio frequency fields at 180, 900, and 1800 MHz on the electrical properties of isolated ventricular myocytes from guinea pigs and rats. The fields were applied using rectangular waveguides or a TEM cell at specific absorption rates up to 880 mW/kg, with 900 and 1800 MHz signals pulsed to the GSM standard. None of the tested electrophysiological parameters, including membrane potential, action potential, L-type calcium current, and potassium currents, were significantly changed by RF exposure. Lowering the temperature from 36°C to 24°C reduced current amplitude by almost 50% and shifted voltage dependence by about 5 mV, but RF exposure at the lower temperature still did not affect L-type calcium current.
Jauchem JR, Frei MR, Ryan KL, Merritt JH, Murphy MR · 1999
The study investigated the lack of effects on heart rate and blood pressure in ketamine-anesthetized rats briefly exposed to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses. Exposures at a repetition frequency of 1 kHz for 0.5 s or to repetitive pulse trains for a total of 2 min resulted in no significant changes in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. These results suggest that acute whole-body exposure to UWB pulses does not have a detrimental effect on the cardiovascular system.
Trigano AJ, Azoulay A, Rochdi M, Campillo · 1999
Researchers evaluated electromagnetic interference of external pacemakers by walkie-talkies and digital cellular telephones. They tested nine widely used external pacemakers from four manufacturers using a digital oscilloscope to record pacemaker pulses and electromagnetic interference separately. Various disturbances including pacing inhibition and asynchronous pacing were observed in eight pacemakers by the PMR walkie-talkie, in four by the GSM phone, and in two by the DCS phone. The maximum distance that interference persisted ranged from 10 to 200 cm.
Sakakibara Y, Mitsui T · 1999
The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinds of EMI which affect the quality of life of PM patients. Researchers surveyed 1,942 pacemaker patients and received responses from 1,567 (80.7%). The main concerns were mobile telephones at 39%, MRI at 17%, and other sources including kitchen appliances, automobile engines, and high voltage power lines.
Occhetta E, Plebani L, Bortnik M, Sacchetti G, Trevi G · 1999
Researchers tested 30 patients with various ICD models for interference from TACS and GSM cellular telephones. Phones were placed near the programming head, near the leads, and in the patient's hands during call, reception, and conversation modes. All ICD models showed significant telemetry noise when the phone was near the programming head, especially during call and reception, often causing loss of telemetry. No false arrhythmia detections occurred with phones on the ICD, near leads, or in hands, and ventricular fibrillation detection remained accurate during induced arrhythmia with phones in reception mode.
Khudnitskii, SS, Moshkarev, EA, Fomenko, TV, · 1999
The authors studied the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation from cellular phones on the functional state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems and on local temperature changes in users. The head area near the phone antenna appeared to be under the most intensive heating, and ultrahigh frequency radiation induced significant changes in local temperature and physiologic parameters of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Belousova TE, Kargina-Terent'eva RA · 1999
Researchers examined adrenergic cardiac and adrenal nervous plexuses in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats using quantitative neurohistochemical methods before and after exposure to a Bayur microwave therapy apparatus at 42,194 MHz and 53,534 MHz. Exposure reduced myocardial nerve plexus density and catecholamine luminescence in the heart, and decreased adrenal gland relative weight and catecholamine luminescence in the adrenal medulla of hypertensive rats.
Lu ST, Mathur SP, Akyel Y, Lee JC · 1999
Researchers exposed male Wistar-Kyoto rats to ultrawide-band electromagnetic pulses at 0.5-kHz and 1-kHz for 6 minutes. They measured cardiovascular functions including heart rate, systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures using a noninvasive tail-cuff sphygmomanometer. Exposure caused a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure that was robust, consistent, and persistent, while heart rate did not change. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated from 45 minutes to 4 weeks after exposure.
Unknown authors · 1998
Mann, K, Roschke, J, Connemann, B, Beta, H · 1998
The influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields emitted by digital mobile radio telephones on heart rate during sleep in healthy humans was investigated. For most parameters, significant differences between different sleep stages were found. Under the given experimental conditions, autonomic control of heart rate was not affected by weak-pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields.
Jimenez A et al. · 1998
Partial loss of telemetry occurred in 14 patients, with 8 using analog phones and 6 using digital phones, and alterations were seen on surface ECG and intracavitary channels. In vitro testing showed normal defibrillator sensing during simulated arrhythmias and no oversensing, undersensing, reprogramming, pacing inhibition, or inappropriate therapies. The authors concluded that mobile phone use appears safe for defibrillator patients provided the phone is kept at least 15 cm from the device.
Fetter JG, Ivans V, Benditt DG, Collins J, · 1998
Researchers tested whether NADC/TDMA-50 digital telephones interfere with Medtronic ICDs in 41 patients. No ICDs in the 41 patients were affected by electromagnetic interference from the telephone during the in vivo study. In vitro antenna-generated field testing showed GSM and TDMA-50 modulation frequencies did not cause ICD sensing interference at predicted electric field intensity. Near-field tests with analog and digital phones in service or test mode also showed no interaction with normal ICD operation. However, a static magnetic field from a phone placed within 0.5 cm of the ICD activated the reed switch, temporarily suspending ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation detection.
Schlegel RE, Grant FH, Raman S, Reynolds D · 1998
Researchers tested 29 pacemaker models with five phone standards in a large-scale in-vitro study. Only a few pacemaker models accounted for most interactions. One phone technology produced interactions in 21% of tests, while other standards caused little or no interaction. The study also found that phone orientation and the presence of an injected ECG signal influenced interactions. The study supports the recommendation to maintain a separation distance of at least 6 inches between pacemakers and wireless phones.
Braune, S, Wrocklage, C, Raczek, J, Gailus, T, Lucking, CH · 1998
The study enrolled seven healthy men and three women volunteers aged 26 to 36 years in a single-blind placebo-controlled design. Participants were exposed to a GSM 900 MHz signal at 2 Watt with a 217 Hz frame repetition rate for 35 min per session. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously with a Finapres device, while capillary perfusion was measured with an infrared plethysmograph on the right hand.
Bassen HI, Moore HJ, Ruggera PS · 1998
An in vitro study tested three ICD models for susceptibility to electromagnetic interference from two digital cellular phones and one analog cellular phone operating at maximum output power. All digital cellular phones produced electromagnetic interference to varying degrees. TDMA-modulated digital phones caused the most pronounced effects, including high-voltage firing and inhibition of pacing output. Interference occurred only when phones were within 2.3–5.8 cm of the ICD pulse generator submerged 0.5 cm in 0.18% saline, and performance returned to baseline when phones were removed.
Szmigielski et al. · 1998
The study enrolled 61 workers exposed to radiofrequency EMF (0.738-1.503 Mhz) and 42 unexposed controls, all following identical 12-24-12-48 hour shift schedules. Exposed workers were divided into low-intensity (20-180 V/m, 38 subjects) and high-intensity (200-550 V/m, 23 subjects) groups. Exposed workers had significantly reduced rhythm amplitudes (P < 0.01) and an earlier acrophase at 1100-1200 h (P < 0.05) for blood pressure and heart rate, with more pronounced effects in the high-intensity group. Diurnal rhythm parameters were derived from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings using cosinor analysis. The authors conclude that occupational RF EMF exposure can alter diurnal cardiovascular rhythms, but clinical relevance needs further investigation.
Jauchem JR et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed 10 anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses at three different pulse repetition rates. Exposures at 50, 500, and 1000 pulses per second resulted in no significant changes in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure during the two-minute exposures or in the two minutes after. The results suggest that acute whole-body exposure under these conditions does not have an immediate detrimental effect on these cardiovascular system variables.
Sanmartin M et al. · 1997
Researchers tested 30 patients with eight different defibrillator models using three GSM mobile phones under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Phones were placed in close contact with the defibrillator can and precordium at two angles, and tested during calling, established contact for 15 seconds, and ringing, with the protocol repeated during pacing. No cases of electromagnetic interference were observed. One patient presented non-sustained ventricular tachycardia episodes during the tests that were detected by the defibrillator. These results suggest that electromagnetic interference by GSM mobile phones are not a probable cause of implantable defibrillators dysfunction.
Ryan KL, Walters TJ, Tehrany MR, Lovelace JD, Jauchem JR · 1997
Researchers exposed three age groups of calorically restricted rats to 35 GHz microwaves until death while measuring temperature, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. Before exposure, the age groups showed no significant differences in measured parameters. Microwave heating increased temperatures at all measured sites, but temperatures at death did not differ between age groups. Heart rate increased throughout exposure in a statistically identical manner across all age groups, and mean arterial pressure was initially well maintained before precipitously declining until death with no age-related difference. Respiration rate was not altered by microwave exposure in any group, and the exposure time required to induce death did not differ among age groups.
