Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers conducted a measurement campaign aboard Italian main line trains to assess railway workers' exposure to static and ELF magnetic fields. Measurements were taken during regular service with two engine drivers present, in all accessible areas, across routes from tens to hundreds of kilometres. The protocol used broadband metres and personal metres for individual exposure assessment across seven different engine or train models. Traction motors were fed by AC current except for two engines where AC powered only auxiliary services. Average static field exposure was slightly above background geomagnetic levels, occasionally reaching millitesla, while average ELF exposure was 1-2 μT with hot spots near wiring reaching tens of microtesla.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers extended a Wi-Fi power model to account for devices that do not always have packets to transmit. They validated the model using testbed measurements and found relative errors of less than 5-10%. The greatest power emission occurred when the network was saturated with traffic, enabling a simple technique to estimate power output from traffic levels.
Unknown authors · 2010
The EEIF is a global parameter representing electromagnetic impact on a specific area from radiating systems like base station antennas. Its numerical value depends only on electromagnetic field intensity, which can be measured or computed. The paper describes field distribution parameters and assumptions for the EEIF scale, and applies the method to real urban situations.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
Power-frequency EMFs have been present since the late 19th century with considerable knowledge accumulated, and the mainstream scientific view is that any risk is unlikely to be of major public-health significance. The principal governance issue for power frequencies is responding to weak uncertain evidence causing public concern, while for radio frequencies it is responding to large potential consequences and public concern with limited evidence. Risk management for power frequencies has evolved with many successful features, and its lessons can benefit radio-frequency EMF governance and other emerging technologies.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
The authors' investigation shows that the precautionary principle is not being used for its intended purpose in relation to EMF exposure. Scientists from the World Health Organization and the European Commission do not consider the precautionary principle when reporting on health risks. Their approach is to require research findings to be scientifically established before amending exposure limits, and uncertain risk indications are ignored or played down. The authors state that this approach conflicts with EU law, which requires correct presentation of scientific uncertainty. A thorough examination of research shows many serious indications of possible health risks from exposure far below existing limits, and case law indicates the precautionary principle can be applied on weaker evidence.
Yildirim MS, Yildirim A, Zamani AG, Okudan N. · 2010
The study evaluated the effects of mobile phone base stations on micronucleus frequency and chromosomal aberrations in blood cells of people living near base stations and healthy controls. Micronucleus frequency was 8.96 +/- 3.51 in the study group and 6.97 +/- 1.52 in controls (p: 0.16). Chromosomal aberrations were 0.36 +/- 0.31 in the study group and 0.75 +/- 0.61 in controls (p: 0.07). There was no significant difference in either measure between the two groups. The authors concluded that cellular phones and their base stations do not produce important carcinogenic changes.
Takahashi S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 2.14 GHz electromagnetic fields for 20 hours per day during gestation and lactation at low and high specific absorption rates. No abnormal findings were observed in the dams, the F1 generation, or the F2 offspring across multiple parameters including growth, organ weights, survival, development, hormonal status, memory function, reproductive ability, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions, whole-body exposure to 2.14 GHz for 20 hours per day during gestation and lactation did not cause any adverse effects on pregnancy or the development of rats.
Röösli M, Frei P, Mohler E, Hug K · 2010
The systematic review included 5 randomized human laboratory trials and 12 epidemiological studies. Most of the papers examined self-reported non-specific symptoms of ill-health. Most randomized trials did not detect an association between MPBS radiation and acute symptom development, and sporadic associations lacked a consistent pattern. The authors concluded that evidence for no acute effect up to 10 volts per metre is strong, but data are insufficient for long-term low-level exposure.
Lu ST et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed four adult male Rhesus monkeys to a 2.8 GHz pulsed microwave signal at 13.0 mW/cm(2) spatial and temporal average power density. The exposure raised eyelid temperature by 1.0-1.2 degrees C. Experiment I consisted of nine 4-hour exposures over three weeks.
McIntosh RL et al. · 2010
Researchers developed detailed anatomical mouse models with 49 tissues for finite difference numerical analysis. The pregnant mouse model with eight mature fetuses was used to assess RF dosimetry in a radial cavity system at 900 MHz and a 900 MHz plane wave exposure. Fetal SAR levels were around 14% lower than the dam's average and peak temperature increase was 45% lower.
Vermeeren G et al. · 2010
van Kleef E, Fischer AR, Khan M, Frewer LJ. · 2010
Researchers conducted a qualitative study with 13 Bangladeshi citizens and a survey with 500 citizens. The results showed that perceived benefits, mainly social and personal advantages like receiving emergency disaster news, outweighed the risks. Overall risk perceptions were low, especially health risks, and were driven more by crime and social inconvenience concerns. Base stations were viewed as a symbol of societal advance. The authors concluded that risk communication may be more effective when societal contextual factors are considered.
Kowall B, Breckenkamp J, Heyer K, Berg-Beckhoff G. · 2010
Researchers surveyed a random sample of German general practitioners using long and short postal questionnaires about electromagnetic fields and health. 37.3% of short-questionnaire responders and 57.5% of long-questionnaire responders agreed that health complaints can be caused by electromagnetic fields even when legal limits are met. A late responder analysis for the short questionnaire yielded a lower estimate of 29% of general practitioners believing in health-relevant effects of electromagnetic fields. The authors concluded that about a third of German general practitioners associate electromagnetic fields with health complaints and thus deviate considerably from current scientific knowledge.
Joseph W, Verloock L. · 2010
The study compared mobile phone traffic patterns with radiofrequency exposure from base stations at five sites over seven days. Periods of high exposure matched periods of high traffic during each day. The researchers determined how long measurements must last to accurately estimate weekly maximum and average exposure. They found that required measurement periods can be very long, so they proposed a new calculation method using normalized traffic data.
Joseph W et al. · 2010
Goldwein O, Aframian DJ. · 2010
Cao Y, Xu Q, Jin ZD, Zhang J, Lu MX, Nie JH, Tong J. · 2010
Researchers examined the effects of microwave exposure on the hematopoietic system adversely altered by gamma-ray irradiation in mice. Preexposure to low-dose microwaves reduced the damage from gamma-ray irradiation, shown by less severe pathological changes in bone marrow and spleen. The authors suggested the protection came from increased hematopoietic growth factors, stimulated granulocyte-macrophage proliferation, and reduced suppression of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. They concluded that prior microwave exposure may protect against gamma-ray injury to the hematopoietic system in mice.
Kim BC, Park SO. · 2010
Researchers measured human exposure to CDMA800 and CDMA1800 signals at 50 locations across Korea where the general public had expressed concern. Measurement positions were within approximately 32 to 422 m of the nearest base station at each site. The measured exposure levels were very low compared with the international standard and the Korean human protection notice, with the highest field level at 1.5 V/m.
Joseph W, Vermeeren G, Verloock L, Martens L. · 2010
Researchers converted personal electromagnetic field measurements into whole-body specific absorption rates (SAR) for members of the general public. Among the body types compared, the highest SAR values at 950 MHz were found for the 1-year-old child, followed by the 5-year-old child, 10-year-old child, average woman, and average man. All calculated values remained below the basic restriction of 0.08 W/kg for the general public.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Martens L. · 2010
Researchers measured radiofrequency exposure from multiple sources, including LTE cellular base stations, at 30 locations in Stockholm, Sweden. LTE exposure levels reached up to 0.8 V/m, and the LTE signal accounted for an average of 4% of the total RF exposure measured. Total exposures ranged from 0.2 to 2.6 V/m and satisfied ICNIRP reference levels at every location.
