Tuschl et al. · 1999
Different kinds of field probes were used to measure electric and magnetic field strength and the whole body exposure of medical personnel operating shortwave, decimeter wave and microwave units was calculated. The study recorded a considerable excess of recommended exposure limits in the vicinity of shortwave diathermy devices used for medical treatment of patients. Eighteen exposed and thirteen control persons, matched by sex and age, were examined, and total leucocyte and lymphocyte counts were performed and leucocytic subpopulations determined by flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens. Lymphocytes were stimulated by mitogen phytohemagglutinin and their proliferation measured by a flow cytometric method.
Li et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed human fibroblast cells to 837 MHz continuous microwaves for 2 hours at SAR levels of 0.9 or 9.0 W/kg. TP53 protein levels were measured by Western blot at 2, 8, 24, and 48 hours after exposure. No significant changes in TP53 protein expression were found in exposed cells compared to sham or untreated cells at any time point. No morphological alterations were observed in microwave-treated cells compared to sham-treated cells.
Higashikubo R et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed Fischer 344 rats implanted with 9L gliosarcoma cells to 835.62 MHz FMCW or 847.74 MHz CDMA fields with a nominal brain specific absorption rate of 0.75 +/- 0.25 W/kg. The animals were exposed for 4 hours a day, 5 days a week, starting 4 weeks before tumor implantation and continuing up to 150 days after. Sham-exposed rats injected with 2 to 10 cells had a median survival of 70 days with 27% surviving to 150 days; those with 11 to 36 cells had a median survival of 52 days and 14% final survival; those with 37 to 100 cells had a median survival of 45 days and 0% survival. Statistical comparison showed no significant differences in survival curves between RF-exposed and sham-exposed animals in any of the three cell-dose groups.
Sidorenko AV · 1999
Researchers used the nonlinear dynamics method together with the spectral correlation method to process animal electrocorticograms. They found that the nonlinear dynamics method may be used to analyze electrocorticograms in different functional states, confirmed by increased correlation dimensionality in animals exposed to microwaves or given strychnine. Correlation dimensionality serves as a numerical criterion for comparing dynamic states of the system.
Preece et al. · 1999
Thirty-six participants completed a randomized three-way crossover study with two training sessions and three test sessions. The only cognitive measure that changed was choice reaction time, which became faster, while word, number, picture recall and spatial memory were unchanged.
Occhetta E, Plebani L, Bortnik M, Sacchetti G, Trevi G · 1999
Researchers tested 30 patients with various ICD models for interference from TACS and GSM cellular telephones. Phones were placed near the programming head, near the leads, and in the patient's hands during call, reception, and conversation modes. All ICD models showed significant telemetry noise when the phone was near the programming head, especially during call and reception, often causing loss of telemetry. No false arrhythmia detections occurred with phones on the ICD, near leads, or in hands, and ventricular fibrillation detection remained accurate during induced arrhythmia with phones in reception mode.
Moszczynski P et al. · 1999
Researchers assessed immunoglobulin concentrations and T lymphocyte subsets in workers occupationally exposed to microwave radiation. Workers at a TV retransmission center and satellite communications center showed increased IgG and IgA concentrations and decreased lymphocyte and T8 cell counts. Radar operators showed elevated IgM concentration and decreased total T8 cell count.
Lamble D, Kauranen T, Laakso M, Summala H · 1999
Nineteen participants aged 20 to 29 years drove at 80 km/h, 50 m behind a lead car on a 30 km motorway section. The lead car decelerated at 0.47 m/s² while participants either looked ahead, dialed numbers, or performed a memory and addition task. Detection ability was impaired by about 0.5 s in brake reaction time and almost 1 s in time-to-collision during the non-visual task. This impairment was similar to when drivers divided visual attention by dialing numbers.
Johnson EH, Chima SC, Muirhead DE · 1999
Researchers examined an adult squirrel monkey with a history of long-term exposure to microwave radiation that had a malignant tumor in the right cerebral cortex. Microscopy showed sheets of moderate-sized cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei, resembling an oligodendroglioma, with malignant features including nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic figures, and necrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis supported a neuronal origin with positivity for neurofilament proteins and neuron-specific enolase, while vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein were negative except in reactive astrocytes. The tumor showed strong positivity for Ki-67 antigen and p53 oncoprotein, indicating aggressive malignant nature, and was diagnosed as a cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
Irgens A, Kruger K, Ulstein M · 1999
The study assessed whether reduced semen quality in infertile couples is associated with occupational exposures known to be hazardous to fertility. Results of the first semen analysis were linked to occupational exposure data from a self-administered questionnaire. Reduced semen quality was found in men exposed to electromagnetic fields with an odds ratio of 3.22 and a confidence interval of 1.46 to 7.09. A tendency toward reduced semen quality was seen in commuters, shift workers, and men exposed to heavy metals. In general, the impact of occupational exposure on semen quality in infertile couples in Norway seemed to be minor, however occupational exposure mapping is still important in individual infertility investigations.
Hladky, A, Musil, J, Roth, Z, Urban, P, Blazkova, V · 1999
Twenty volunteers participated in two experiments using a Motorola GSM 8700 mobile phone. Electromagnetic fields during a 5-minute speaking task did not affect visual evoked potentials. A 6-minute exposure also showed no effect on memory and attention tests, but the phone call itself impaired switching attention performance, significantly worsening response and decision speed.
Hardell et al. · 1999
Researchers conducted a case-control study with 209 brain tumour cases and 425 controls in Sweden. Overall cellular telephone use yielded an odds ratio of 0.98 with a 95% confidence interval. Separate analyses for the digital GSM system and the analogue NMT system gave odds ratios of 0.97 and 0.94 respectively. A non-significantly increased risk was found for tumours in the temporal or occipital lobe on the same side as phone use. The increased risk was only seen for use of the NMT system.
Garaj-Vrhovac, V · 1999
Researchers investigated micronucleus assay and lymphocyte mitotic activity in 12 workers occupationally exposed to microwave radiation. Exposed subjects showed increased micronuclei frequency and disturbances in the distribution of cells over the first, second and third mitotic division compared to controls.
Dreyer NA, Loughlin JE, Rothman KJ · 1999
The initial protocol called for continuing surveillance for mortality. Access to data beyond 1 year was blocked by a class-action lawsuit challenging the legality of monitoring product safety through record linkage.
de Seze R, Ayoub J, Peray P, Miro L, Touitou Y · 1999
Researchers evaluated maximum serum melatonin concentration, time of maximum, and area under the curve of the hormone profile. Thirty-eight men aged 20 to 32 years were exposed to GSM 900 or DCS 1800 phones for 2 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 4 wk at maximum power. Blood samples were collected hourly during the night and every 3 hr in the daytime across four sessions at 15-day intervals. The melatonin circadian profile was not disrupted by the exposure.
Van Leeuwen GM et al. · 1999
Researchers evaluated 3D temperature rise in a realistic head model induced by a mobile phone. The power distributions had a maximum averaged SAR over a 10 g volume of approximately 1.6 W kg(-1). Simulations showed a maximum brain temperature rise of 0.11 degrees C for a 0.25 W antenna with indefinite exposure, and the authors noted that temperature rises are far too small to have lasting effects.
Gandhi OP, Lazzi G, Tinniswood A, Yu QS, · 1999
Researchers compared numerical and experimental methods for determining SAR and radiation patterns of handheld wireless telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Peak 1-g SARs ranged from 0.13 to 5.41 W/kg, yet agreement between calculated and measured data was generally within plus or minus 20%. The study noted that for a maximum radiated power of 600 mW at 800/900 MHz, peak 1-g SARs can be higher than 1.6 W/kg unless antennas are carefully designed and placed further away from the head.
Fink JM, Wagner JP, Congleton JJ, Rock JC · 1999
This study evaluated police officers' exposures to microwaves emitted by traffic radar units, with measurements taken at approximated ocular and testicular levels of officers seated in patrol vehicles. Fifty-four radar units covering 17 different models, 4 frequency bands, and 3 antenna configurations were provided by four speed-enforcement agencies and one transportation research institute. The researchers concluded that police officer exposure to microwave radiation is apparently minimal.
Borbely et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed healthy young subjects during an entire night-time sleep episode to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field at a maximum specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg. The exposure schedule consisted of alternating 15-min on-15-min off intervals. Compared with a control night with sham exposure, the amount of waking after sleep onset was reduced from 18 to 12 min, and EEG spectral power in non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased. The researchers concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF in the range of radiotelephones may promote sleep and modify the sleep EEG.
Adair ER, Cobb BL, Mylacraine KS, Kelleher SA, · 1999
Researchers measured thermoregulatory responses in two groups of seven adult volunteers exposed for 45 minutes to whole-body radio-frequency fields at either 450 or 2450 MHz. At each frequency, two power densities were tested at each of three ambient temperatures (24, 28, and 31 degrees C), along with no-RF control conditions. No change in metabolic heat production occurred under any exposure conditions at either frequency. At both frequencies, normalized peak SARs in excess of ANSI/IEEE C95.1 guidelines were easily counteracted by normal thermophysiological mechanisms.
Khadir R, Morgan JL, Murray JJ. · 1999
Researchers investigated the effects of a sinusoidal 60 Hz magnetic field on free radical production, degranulation, and viability in human neutrophils. Exposure of unstimulated human neutrophils to the magnetic field did not affect the functions examined. When cells were also stimulated with PMA, exposure to a 22 mT, 60 Hz magnetic field induced significant increases in superoxide anion production of 26.5% and in β-glucuronidase release of 53%. Release of lysozyme and lactate dehydrogenase was unchanged by the magnetic field, whether the cells were stimulated or not.
Unknown authors · 1998
Researchers conducted two population-based case-control studies on childhood leukemia in northwestern Germany and Berlin from 1992 to 1996. They obtained 24-hour measurements for 176 cases and 414 controls. Multivariate regression analysis comparing exposures of 0.2 microT or more to lower exposures yielded an odds ratio of 2.3 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.8 to 6.7.
Unknown authors · 1998
Researchers investigated the effect of a single electric charge on the deposition efficiency of ultrafine particles in human airways. They measured and compared deposition of singly charged, charge-neutralized, and zero-charge 20-nm and 125-nm particles in hollow-cast models of human airways. Singly charged 20-nm particles deposited 3.4 times more than charge-neutralized aerosols and 5.3 times more than zero-charged particles, while 125-nm particles showed ratios of 2.3 and 6.2 respectively. The authors concluded that because most ambient particles are charged, this effect must be considered when models predict dose from inhaled ultrafine particles.
Unknown authors · 1998
Researchers studied the effects of 60-Hz magnetic field and ambient light exposures on the pineal hormone melatonin among electric utility workers. Personal exposure was measured at 15-second intervals over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods. Magnetic field intensity, intermittence, or cumulative exposure had little influence on nocturnal 6-OHMS excretion. Residential RCMS magnetic field exposures were associated with lower nocturnal 6-OHMS/cr concentrations. The greatest reductions occurred when RCMS exposures both at work and at home were combined.
Unknown authors · 1998
They identified 699 female breast cancer cases and 9 male cases, with one matched control per female case and eight per male case. In women younger than 50 at diagnosis, the relative risk was 1.8 (95% CI 0.7-4.3). Among estrogen receptor-positive women younger than 50, the relative risk increased to 7.4 (95% CI 1.0-178.1).
