Bodera P et al. · 2015
Researchers measured malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, in the blood, liver, kidneys, and brain of Wistar rats that were healthy or had inflammation, and exposed them repeatedly to 1800 MHz EMF. The exposure was repeated five times for 15 minutes and was studied both alone and combined with the opioid painkiller tramadol. MDA levels were slightly elevated in the blood, kidney, and brain of healthy rats in EMF-exposed groups treated with tramadol, while MDA in the liver remained at the same level across all groups. Overall, results for healthy rats and animals with inflammation did not differ significantly.
Unknown authors · 2014
Shi D, Zhu C, Lu R, Mao S, Qi Y · 2014
Unknown authors · 2014
Unknown authors · 2014
Human bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 1 mT for 8 days. The hBM-MSC derived neurons were then analyzed by immunofluorescence and quantitative RT-PCR. Researchers analyzed the transcriptome of neuronal cells after an 8-day ELF-EMF exposure (50 Hz, 1 mT) and compared the transcriptional profiles to control cells. Early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) is one of the key transcription factors in ELF-EMF-induced neuronal differentiation. Transplantations of ELF-EMF-induced neurons significantly alleviate symptoms in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease.
Ma Q et al · 2014
Researchers exposed primary cultured embryonic neural stem cells to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at various magnetic intensities and exposure times. Cell proliferation showed no significant change across multiple assays including viability, DNA synthesis, neurosphere size, cell cycle, and cell-cycle gene transcripts. During differentiation, 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 2 mT for 3 days down-regulated Sox2 and up-regulated Math1, Math3, Ngn1, and Tuj1 mRNA levels. However, the percentages of neurons and astrocytes did not change as measured by immunofluorescence.
Unknown authors · 2014
Human stem cells possess memory, implying that all living human cells must have a memory system. The author suggests magnetite may be the best candidate for a universal memory molecule because it is Earth's most distributed magnetic material. Magnetite is found in the human brain, heart, liver, and spleen, and anomalous concentrations are associated with Alzheimer's disease. The author argues that the rapid speed and accuracy of the brain require memory to be governed by quantum mechanics.
Unknown authors · 2014
The review outlines myelin development through life and examines evidence linking myelin integrity to low-intensity RF-EMF exposure. Across RF-EMF exposed cases the authors note morphological lesions in rat myelin sheaths, increased multiple sclerosis risk in a subgroup, effects on myelin-related proteins, and symptoms in electrohypersensitivity resembling demyelination. Overall evidence from in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological studies suggests an association between RF-EMF exposure and myelin deterioration or direct neuronal conduction impact that may explain many electrohypersensitivity symptoms. The review notes exceptions: headache is common only in electrohypersensitivity, while ataxia is typical of demyelination but rare in that group.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers analyzed self-reported symptom data from 92 Victorian residents who registered adverse health effects from wireless smart meters on an Australian public website. The most frequently reported symptoms were insomnia, headaches, tinnitus, fatigue, cognitive disturbances, dysesthesias, and dizziness. The effects of these symptoms on people's lives were significant. The majority of cases did not report prior electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome, suggesting smart meters may have unique characteristics that lower symptom development thresholds.
Maskey D et al · 2014
Researchers exposed mice to 835 MHz RF radiation at 4.0 W/kg for three months. They used free-floating immunohistochemistry to assess glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the auditory brainstem. The number of glycine receptor immunoreactive cells decreased in several cochlear and superior olivary nuclei. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were significantly elevated in the exposed group.
Unknown authors · 2014
The article was published in Altern Ther Health Med in 2014. The title proposed that excessive radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure may cause electrohypersensitivity.
Pettersson D et al. · 2014
Researchers conducted a population-based, nation-wide, case-control study of acoustic neuroma in Sweden. Eligible cases were persons aged 20 to 69 years diagnosed between 2002 and 2007, and controls were randomly selected from the population registry matched on age, sex, and residential area. Ever regular mobile phone use was associated with an odds ratio of 1.18 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.59).
Murbach et al. · 2014
Researchers evaluated three hypotheses about how radiofrequency exposure could affect EEG by using numerical simulations and experimental assessments with phantoms and anatomical human models. They found that induced fields cause less than a 20% increase in 10 g-averaged SAR, that worst-case electrode placement raises skin temperature by at most 0.31 °C and brain temperature by less than 0.1 °C, and that temperature ripples from RF pulses are below 0.001 °C for GSM-like signals and below 0.004 °C for higher pulse energy. These local short-term temperature elevations are unlikely to change brain physiology during the time period from minutes to several hours after exposure. Thus, the mechanism of interaction between RF and changes in the EEG power spectrum remains unknown.
Hsu MH et al. · 2014
Researchers conducted a population-based study using cancer registry data from 2000 to 2009 and cell phone user statistics from the National Communication Commission. The National Cancer Registry recorded 4 incidences and 4 deaths due to malignant neoplasms in Taiwan during 2000-2009. Ten years of observational data showed no significant effect of intensive cell phone use on the incidence rate or mortality of malignant brain tumors in Taiwan. The authors concluded they detected no correlation between cell phone use and malignant brain tumor morbidity or mortality in Taiwan.
Hauri DD et al. · 2014
Researchers conducted a time-to-event analysis of children under 16 living in Switzerland on December 5, 2000, with follow-up until December 31, 2008. They also included an incidence density cohort of all children living in Switzerland for some time between 1985 and 2008. In the time-to-event analysis of 997 cancer cases, the adjusted hazard ratio for the highest exposure category was 1.03 for all cancers, 0.55 for childhood leukemia, and 1.68 for childhood CNS tumors. The incidence density analysis of 4,246 cancer cases showed similar results for all cancers and leukemia but did not indicate a CNS tumor risk, with an incidence rate ratio of 1.03.
Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Li N. · 2014
Researchers exposed 20 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats to 100 μT/50 Hz ELF-EMF or sham exposure for 12 weeks. The Morris water maze test showed no cognitive or memory impairment in the exposed rats compared to sham-exposed rats. Body weight, Aβ levels, and neuron morphology showed no significant changes between groups.
Sorahan T, Mohammed N · 2014
The mortality experienced by a cohort of 73,051 employees of the former Central Electricity Generating Board of England and Wales was investigated for the period 1973–2010. Poisson regression was used to calculate relative risks (rate ratios) of developing any of the three diseases under investigation for categories of lifetime, distant (lagged) and recent (lugged) exposure. No statistically significant trends were shown for risks of any of these diseases to increase with estimates of lifetime, recent or distant exposure to magnetic fields. There is no convincing evidence that UK electricity generation and transmission workers have suffered elevated risks from neurodegenerative diseases as a consequence of exposure to magnetic fields.
Li Y, Zhang C, Song T. · 2014
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to Morris water maze training, ELF-MF exposure (50 Hz, 100 microT), or combined training and exposure for 90 days, with normal rats as controls. Previous training improved spatial acquisition in the Morris water maze and this effect lasted at least 90 days. However, this improvement was not observed during the probe trial. ELF-MF exposure did not significantly differ from controls and did not interfere with training-related improvements.
Li L, Xiong DF, Liu JW, Li ZX, Zeng GC, Li HL. · 2014
Researchers evaluated 50 Hz ELF-EMF occupational exposure on neurobehavior tests of 310 inspection workers and 300 logistics staff. Neurobehavior tests included mental arithmetic, curve coincide, simple visual reaction time, visual retention, auditory digit span and pursuit aiming. No statistically significant changes in neurobehavior scores were found. Results across different age and seniority groups also showed no significant changes.
de Groot MW, Kock MD, Westerink RH. · 2014
Researchers investigated acute (30 min) and sub-chronic (48 h) exposure to 50 Hz ELF-EMF on naïve and chemically stressed PC12 cells. Acute exposure up to 1000 μT did not affect basal or depolarization-evoked calcium levels in naïve cells. Sub-chronic exposure up to 1000 μT had no consistent effects on calcium homeostasis, ROS production, or membrane integrity in naïve cells. In chemically stressed cells, both acute and sub-chronic exposure also failed to exert consistent effects on calcium homeostasis, ROS production, and membrane integrity. The authors concluded that exposure up to 1000 μT does not induce neurotoxic effects in vitro in either cell type.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
Klose M et al. · 2014
Female Wistar rats from 14 days to 19 months were exposed in the head region for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week to a GSM-modulated 900 MHz field at SAR values of 0, 0.7, 2.5, and 10 W/kg. Four behavioral and learning tests (rotarod, Morris water maze, 8-arm radial maze, open field) were performed three times in juvenile, adult, and presenile rats. No profound differences were identified between exposure groups, though rotarod data showed significantly longer holding times for sham-exposed rats on some days, but these findings were not consistent. The results do not indicate harmful effects of long-term RF-EMF exposure begun at an early age on development, learning, and behavior, even at relatively high SAR values.
Kim HS et al. · 2014
Researchers assigned male Sprague-Dawley rats to cage-control, sham-exposed, and CDMA-exposed groups, with six rats per group. The CDMA-exposed rats received whole-body exposure to an 848.5 MHz CDMA signal at 2 W/kg for either 1 or 8 hours daily, five days a week, for two weeks. During the last five exposure days, all rats were injected with BrdU to label dividing cells, and the numbers of BrdU-positive cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were estimated using an unbiased stereological method. The study found no significant difference in BrdU-positive cell counts in either brain region between CDMA-exposed rats and both control groups.
Kang KA et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.
Szyjkowska A, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W, Bortkiewicz A. · 2014
Most respondents used their phones daily or almost daily. Users who talked frequently and for long periods reported headaches (63.2%) and fatigue (45%) significantly more often than other users. Intensive users also reported warmth around the ear (47.3%) and at the auricle (44.6%) more frequently. Most symptoms appeared during or right after a call and disappeared within 2 hours, though 26% reported continuous headache lasting over 6 hours.
