Magnetic Fields (ELF)

RF Frequency Spectrum Chart

Unknown authors

Activation of Signaling Cascades by Weak Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.

Kapri-Pardes E et al. · 2017

Researchers applied extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at various field strengths and time periods to eight different cell types and measured the phosphorylation of signaling proteins by western blotting. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased in response to ELF-MF, with effects detected at field strengths as low as 0.15 µT and a maximum at around 10 µT. The researchers concluded that the small increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation is probably insufficient to affect proliferation and oncogenic transformation, and that the results cannot be regarded as proof of the involvement of ELF-MF in cancer in general or childhood leukemia in particular.

Some Orientational Influences of Nonvisual, Terrestrial Electromagnetic Fields

Frank A. Brown, Jr.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СОСТАВА КРОВИ ПОСЛЕ КРАТКОВРЕМЕННОГО ЛОКАЛЬНОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ПОСТОЯННОГО МАГНИТНОГО ПОЛЯ НА ОРГАНИЗМ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Г. А. СЛАСЮК · 1973

Analgetic effects of non-thermal GSM-1900 radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the land snail Helix pomatia.

Nittby H et al. · 2012

Researchers exposed 29 land snails of the strain Helix pomatia to GSM electromagnetic fields at 1900 MHz at 48 mW/kg for 1 hour each, while 29 snails served as sham controls. Before and after exposure, snails were placed on a hot plate and the time until they retracted was measured by two blinded observers. GSM-exposed snails were less sensitive to thermal pain compared to sham controls, indicating a significant analgesia (Mann-Whitney p < 0.001).

Modulation of hydrogen peroxide production in cellular systems by low level magnetic fields.

Martino CF, Castello PR · 2011

Researchers studied how suppressing the Earth's magnetic field to between 0.2 µT and 2 µT affected hydrogen peroxide production in several cell types. The cell types tested were a human fibrosarcoma cancer cell line, a pancreatic cancer cell line, and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Reducing the Earth's magnetic field suppressed hydrogen peroxide production in the cancer cells and the endothelial cells. Adding catalase and a superoxide dismutase mimetic called MnTBAP inhibited the magnetic field effect.

Ets1 oncogene induction by ELF-modulated 50 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field

Romano-Spica V, Mucci N, Ursini CL, Ianni A, Bhat NK · 2000

Researchers analyzed gene expression in hemopoietic and testicular cell types after exposure to 50 MHz radiofrequency radiation modulated at 16 Hz. They observed overexpression of ets1 mRNA in Jurkat T-lymphoblastoid and Leydig TM3 cell lines only when the 16 Hz modulation was present. A putative candidate gene was also repressed after EMF exposure.

The lack of effects of nonthermal RF electromagnetic fields on the development of rat embryos grown in culture.

Klug S, Hetscher M, Giles S, Kohlsmann S, Kramer K, · 1997

Researchers exposed 9.5-day-old rat embryos for up to 36 hours to radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields with modulation frequencies of 16, 60, and 120 Hz. The exposure included electric field strengths of 60 and 600 V/m, magnetic inductions of 0.2 and 2.0 microtesla, and specific absorption rates of 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 W/kg. Neither the electric nor the magnetic fields interfered significantly with normal embryo growth and differentiation when assessed on day 11.5 using a scoring system, photographs, histology, and protein content.

NAVY SPONSORED ELF BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH SUMMARY

Unknown authors · 1975

Assessment of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure from GSM mobile phones.

Calderón C et al. · 2013

TYPICAL EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN TO EMF: EXPOSIMETRY AND DOSIMETRY.

Valič B, Kos B, Gajšek P. · 2014

Parental occupational exposures to electromagnetic fields and radiation and the incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring.

De Roos AJ et al. · 2001

Researchers examined parental occupational exposures to electromagnetic fields and radiation and the incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Cases were 538 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma between 1992 and 1994 in the United States or Canada, and age-matched controls were selected by random-digit dialing. Maternal exposure to a broad grouping of sources that produce radiofrequency radiation was associated with an increased incidence of neuroblastoma, with an odds ratio of 2.8 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.9 to 8.7. However, the broad groupings of sources that produce ELF fields, radiofrequency radiation, or ionizing radiation were not associated with neuroblastoma.

Human Telecommunications: A review of the Literature on "Biological Radio Communication" and related topics

C. J. Chilton

A Study of the Possible Biological Effects of SANGUINE

Leonard L. Libber, Thomas C. Rozzell

Human Telecommunications: A review of the Literature on 'Biological Radio Communication' and related topics

C. J. Chilton

This review by Chilton examined the scientific literature on biological radio communication, exploring concepts like telepathy and electromagnetic field interactions with human biology. The study investigated whether humans might naturally transmit or receive electromagnetic signals through biological processes. This research represents early scientific inquiry into potential electromagnetic communication mechanisms in living systems.

Nitric oxide modulates the responses of osteoclast formation to static magnetic fields

Zhang J, Ding C, Meng X, Shang P · 2018

Researchers studied whether nitric oxide modulates the responses of osteoclast formation to static magnetic fields. Field strengths of 500 nT (hypomagnetic field), 0.2 T (moderate static magnetic field), and 16 T (high static magnetic field) were utilized as treatment. At 16 T, osteoclast formation was markedly decreased and nitric oxide synthase activity was enhanced, producing a high level of NO. At 500 nT and 0.2 T, osteoclast formation increased alongside decreased NOS activity and NO production.

DOSE ASSESSMENT TO OPERATORS OF INDUSTRIAL RADIOFREQUENCY SEALERS

Stan Neuder · 1979

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Biological Research

L. M. Libber · 1970

The influence of a high-gradient, low-frequency electromagnetic field on the working ability of an altered motor structure

Sazonova, T. Ye. · 1964

Soviet researcher Sazonova investigated how electromagnetic fields affect motor training and movement learning in birds during 1964. The study examined the brain's reticular formation (a network controlling arousal and motor function) and used novocain blocks to isolate specific neural pathways during magnetic field exposure. This early research explored whether EMF exposure could interfere with the brain's ability to learn and coordinate movement patterns.

Effects of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on NMDA-Receptor Gene Expression and Visual Working Memory in Male Rhesus Macaques.

Kazemi M et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed male rhesus macaques to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 0.7 μT for 4 hours per day over 30 consecutive days, at either 1 Hz or 12 Hz. Visual working memory scores and plasma melatonin levels increased significantly in the animals exposed to 12 Hz, but not in those exposed to 1 Hz. NMDA receptor gene expression also increased at 12 Hz exposure, while hippocampal volume did not increase significantly at either frequency.

Increased levels of hsp70 transcripts induced when cells are exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields

R. Goodman et al. · 1994

The study examined how low-frequency electromagnetic fields affect levels of hsp70 transcripts in cells. In yeast cells, the SSA1 gene, which is homologous to hsp70, was found to be elevated when cells were exposed to electromagnetic fields at 0.8 to 80 μT. The researchers noted that the pattern of gene induction appeared to be related to the stress response model for heat shock.

INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS IN HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL FIELDS

A. K. Mulatov, R. S. Stepanov, S. D. Kirlian, V. H. Kirlian

Strong pulsating high frequency fields with a small average amount of power may extract electrons from living objects without detrimental effects and are normally safe for living organisms. The magnitude of the autoelectric emission current depends only on the field potential and the electron work function, where the field potential is determined by the dielectric constant and geometry of the object, and the work function depends on physio-chemical causes.

Effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory, anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in male rats.

Karimi SA, Salehi I, Shykhi T, Zare S, Komaki A. · 2019

Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, a sham exposure group, and ELF-EMF exposure groups at 1, 100, 500, and 2000 μT. After 60 days of exposure at 2 hours per day, researchers assessed anxiety-like behavior, spatial learning and memory, passive avoidance learning, and oxidative stress markers. Rats in the 100 and 2000 μT groups spent more time in the target zone during the spatial reference memory test. The researchers suggested that ELF-EMF exposure may improve memory retention but not acquisition, and may contribute to anxiety or oxidative stress.

Preliminary background indoor EMF measurements in Greece.

Kottou S et al. · 2015

Researchers measured electromagnetic fields in indoor dwellings across Attica, Lesvos, and Zakynthos, taking 4540 measurements from 50 Hz to 2100 MHz. Significant differences in electric field values were also found between geographic locations. RF electric field maximums were mostly below 0.5 V/m but occasionally reached up to 5.6 V/m, while ELF magnetic fields stayed below 1 μT. The study states that it may be concluded that overall the observed indoor EMF intensity values remained well below domestic and European established limits.

Effects of extremely low-frequency electric fields at different intensities and exposure durations on mismatch negativity.

Kantar Gok D et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed rats to 50 Hz electric fields (like those from power lines) for up to four weeks. High-intensity exposure significantly reduced brain responses that help detect sound changes, while increasing brain damage markers. This suggests electric field exposure may impair auditory processing abilities.