Achudume A, Onibere B, Aina F, Tchokossa P · 2010
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to radio frequency radiation at 1800 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 0.95 to 3.9 W/kg for 40 or 60 days continuously. At 40 days, electromagnetic radiation failed to induce any significant alterations. At 60 days of exposure, various attributes evaluated decreased, including decreases in NADPH and ascorbate-linked lipid peroxidation along with diminution in enzymatic antioxidative defense systems and decreased glucose residue.
Meral I et al. · 2007
In brain tissue, the MDA level increased and GSH level and CAT enzyme activity decreased in EMF-exposed guinea pigs, while vitamins A, E, and D3 levels did not change. In blood, MDA, vitamins A, D3, and E levels, and CAT enzyme activity increased, while GSH level decreased in the EMF-exposed guinea pigs.
Meral I et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed guinea pigs to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 12 hours daily over 30 days and found significant oxidative stress in brain tissue. The radiation increased harmful compounds called free radicals while depleting the brain's natural antioxidant defenses. This suggests that prolonged cell phone exposure may damage brain cells through oxidative stress, the same process linked to aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
Gevrek F. · 2017
Rats were divided into three groups — Control, EMR, and EMR+Egb761 — and the EMR groups were exposed to cellphone radiation at 0.96 W/kg SAR for one month. In the EMR group, apoptotic proteins (Bax, Acas-3) increased and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased, along with a reduction in total granule and pyramidal cell counts. Rats that also received Egb761 showed decreased Bax and Acas-3, increased Bcl-2, fewer TUNEL-stained apoptotic cells, and a higher total viable cell number.
Al-Serori H et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated whether UMTS radiofrequency signals cause micronucleus formation and other anomalies such as nuclear buds and nucleoplasmatic bridges in human glioblastoma cell lines. The experiments were conducted with human glioblastoma cell lines, U87 with wild-type p53 status and U251 with mutated p53 status, exposed to SAR doses of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 W/kg. The researchers found no evidence for induction of micronuclei or other anomalies, but observed apoptosis at the highest dose in U251 cells.
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. · 2016
Researchers exposed adult Xenopus laevis frogs to GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz for 8 hours a day over a 5-week period, then measured effects on the embryos produced from different combinations of exposed and unexposed parents. In the control group, 2.2% of embryos were abnormal and none were dead; when only males were exposed, embryo abnormality rose to 3.3% and dead embryos rose to 8.3%. When only females were exposed, abnormal and dead embryo rates each reached 11.7%; when both parents were exposed, dead embryos reached 15% and abnormal embryos reached 11.7%. Offspring of RF-exposed females also showed more aggressive behavior compared with the control group.
Chen C et al. · 2014
Scientists exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz for three days. The radiation didn't kill cells but significantly impaired their ability to grow connections needed for proper brain function, suggesting potential risks to brain development during pregnancy.
Boga A et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and nicotine sulfate exposure on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frogs). With the exception of the 1800 MHz exposure, radiofrequency radiation alone was not associated with dramatic developmental anomalies. The combined effects of radiofrequency radiation and nicotine sulfate on the embryos were more severe than the effect of either exposure alone.
Chen C et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at SAR values of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1, 2, and 3 days. RF-EMF exposure did not influence eNSC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, or the ratio of differentiated neurons and astrocytes. However, neurite outgrowth of eNSC-derived neurons was inhibited after 4 W/kg RF-EMF exposure for 3 days. The mRNA and protein expression of proneural genes Ngn1 and NeuroD were decreased after RF-EMF exposure, while expression of their inhibitor Hes1 was upregulated.
Liu K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) to 1800 MHz GSM signals at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 w/kg for 24 hours. The expression of LC3-II increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with RF exposure, and showed a significant change at the SAR value of 4 w/kg. RF exposure did not increase the percentage of apoptotic cells, but inhibition of autophagy could increase the percentage of apoptotic cells. The findings suggested that autophagy flux could be enhanced by 1800 MHz GSM exposure, mediated by ROS generation.
Furtado-Filho OV et al. · 2014
Researchers assessed the effect of 950 MHz ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, unsaturated fatty acid concentrations, and catalase expression in the livers of rats of different ages. Twelve rats per age group were divided into control and exposed groups and exposed for half an hour per day for up to 51 days at a specific absorption rate of 1.3–1.0 W/kg. The radiation did not cause oxidative stress and was not genotoxic in neonates or 6- and 15-day-old rats, but it changed polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in neonates. In 30-day-old rats there was no oxidative stress but the radiation was genotoxic to the livers of exposed rats.
Furtado-Filho OV et al. · 2013
Brazilian researchers exposed young rats to 950 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to older cell phone frequencies) for 30 minutes daily from birth through 30 days of age. While the study found no oxidative stress or DNA damage in most age groups, 30-day-old rats showed genetic damage in liver cells, and newborns had altered fatty acid levels and reduced antioxidant enzyme production.
Liu C, Duan W, Xu S, Chen C, He M, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhou Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed a mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line to 1800 MHz GSM signals for 24 hours using an intermittent schedule of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off, at SAR levels of 1 W/kg, 2 W/kg, or 4 W/kg. At a SAR of 4 W/kg, DNA migration in a modified comet assay was significantly increased, and levels of the DNA adduct 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) were also increased. No detectable DNA strand breakage was observed by the alkaline comet assay. The increases in DNA damage were accompanied by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these effects were mitigated by co-treatment with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol.
Khalil AM, Gagaa M, Alshamali A. · 2012
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to mobile phone radio frequency radiation from a GSM signal generator at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 1.0 W/kg for 2 hours. Urinary levels of 8-oxodG, described as one major form of oxidative DNA damage, were significantly elevated in exposed rats compared to controls at most time points.
Khalil AM, Gagaa MH, Alshamali AM. · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz for 2 hours and measured a specific marker of DNA damage (8-oxodG) in their urine. They found significant increases in DNA damage markers throughout most of the exposure period, with peak damage occurring 1 hour after exposure began. This suggests that cell phone radiation can cause oxidative damage to DNA, which is a key mechanism linked to cancer development.
Sakurai T et al. · 2011
Japanese researchers exposed human brain cells (glial cells) to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation at various power levels for up to 24 hours and examined whether this changed gene activity. Using advanced genetic analysis techniques, they found no significant changes in how genes were expressed in the exposed cells compared to unexposed controls. This suggests that RF radiation at these levels did not trigger detectable genetic responses in this type of brain cell.
Sakurai T et al. · 2011
The study used DNA microarray to examine gene expression in SVGp12 human glial cells after exposure to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave RF fields at SARs of 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 1, 4, and 24 hours. Microarray analysis identified 23 assigned and 5 non-assigned gene spots as potentially altered. Follow-up RT-PCR analysis of Twenty-two genes showed no significant alterations in gene expression. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions they found no evidence that RF field exposure affected gene expression in SVGp12 cells.
Söderqvist F, Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH · 2010
Researchers proposed that transthyretin (TTR), a protein that sequesters amyloid-beta, might help explain findings related to radiofrequency exposure and Alzheimer's disease. In a provocation study on 41 persons exposed for 30 minutes to an 890-MHz GSM signal at 1.0 Watt/kg to the temporal area of the brain, serum TTR was found to be statistically significantly increased 60 minutes after exposure. In a cross-sectional study on 313 subjects, a statistically significantly positive association was found between serum TTR and time since first use of mobile phones and desktop cordless phones combined (P=0.03).
Söderqvist F, Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH · 2010
Researchers exposed 41 people to cell phone radiation for 30 minutes and found increased levels of transthyretin, a protein that helps prevent Alzheimer's disease by blocking harmful brain plaques. This suggests certain radiofrequency exposures might offer protective effects against Alzheimer's.
Pinto R et al. · 2010
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM at 1 W/kg) for up to 6 days and found that the radiation significantly reduced the growth of neurites - the branch-like extensions that neurons use to connect with each other. This disruption occurred in both mouse and rat brain cells, suggesting that cell phone radiation may interfere with normal brain development at the cellular level.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation at the same power level your phone uses during calls (1 W/kg SAR). The radiation significantly reduced the number of neural branches that normally grow as brain cells mature, suggesting cell phone signals may interfere with normal brain development. This finding raises concerns about wireless exposure during critical periods of brain development in children and adolescents.
Sannino A et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human dermal fibroblasts from a healthy donor and a Turner's syndrome donor to 900 MHz RF radiation for 24 hours using a GSM-like signal at 1 W/kg, and Turner's syndrome fibroblasts were also exposed for 1 hour. For RF exposure alone, DNA damage was assessed with the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. RF radiation alone caused no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects in either cell line. MX increased DNA migration in the comet assay, but RF exposure did not enhance this MX-induced DNA damage.
Söderqvist F, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K, Hardell L · 2009
Researchers exposed 41 volunteers to cell phone radiation for 30 minutes and measured blood markers that indicate whether the blood-brain barrier (the protective shield around your brain) had been compromised. They found that one marker called transthyretin increased significantly after exposure, suggesting the radiation may have affected this critical barrier. This is concerning because a compromised blood-brain barrier could allow harmful substances to enter the brain more easily.
Sannino A et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human skin cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used by GSM cell phones) for 24 hours at power levels similar to phone use. They found no DNA damage from the RF radiation alone, and the radiation did not make cells more vulnerable to damage from a known cancer-causing chemical. This suggests that cell phone-level RF exposure may not directly break DNA strands in human cells.
