Hirose H et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed primary microglial cell cultures from neonatal rats to 1950 MHz W-CDMA RF fields at SARs of 0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 W/kg for 2 hours. The percentage of MHC class II positive cells, a marker of microglial activation, was similar between exposed and sham-exposed groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in MHC class II positive cells across any RF exposure group compared to sham controls. Cytokine production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 also showed no remarkable differences between exposed and sham groups.
Finnie JW, Cai Z, Manavis J, Helps S, Blumbergs PC · 2010
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz RF fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes or five days per week for 104 weeks. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely moving in cages, and positive controls received a stab wound. No increase in microglial Iba1 expression was found in exposed brains compared to controls, while positive controls showed substantial activation. Acute or two-year exposure did not produce microglial activation detectable by Iba1 immunostaining.
Vrijheid M et al. · 2010
A birth cohort was established in Sabadell, Spain between 2004 and 2006. Mothers completed questions about cell phone use in week 32 of pregnancy (n = 587) and their children's neurodevelopment was tested at 14 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (n = 530). We observed only small differences in neurodevelopment scores between the offspring of cell phone users and nonusers. Those of users had higher mental development scores and lower psychomotor development scores, which may be due to unmeasured confounding, and there was no trend with amount of cell phone use within users.
Thomas S et al. · 2010
The study included 236 adolescents who completed both examinations. Mobile phone ownership and weekly voice calls and SMS increased from baseline to follow-up. Participants with more voice calls and SMS at baseline showed smaller reductions in response times across computerized tasks. Increased voice calls and SMS over the year were associated with changes in response time on a simple reaction and a working memory task. No associations were found between mobile phone exposure and the Stroop test.
Kundi M. · 2010
Researchers identified 33 epidemiologic studies in the peer-reviewed literature, mostly 25 about brain tumors. Methodologic considerations revealed three important conditions for detecting increased risk are not met: no evidence-based exposure metric, observed duration of mobile phone use generally too low, and no evidence-based selection of end points among neoplasias due to lack of etiologic hypotheses. The overall evidence speaks in favor of an increased risk, but its magnitude cannot be assessed at present because of insufficient information on long-term use.
Hutter HP et al. · 2010
Researchers enrolled 100 consecutive tinnitus patients and matched controls in a case-control study. Mobile phone use was assessed using the Interphone Study protocol and analyzed with conditional logistic regression adjusting for education and urban residence. Regular mobile phone use and cumulative hours were not significantly associated with tinnitus, but use for four years or more showed an odds ratio of 1.95.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2010
Researchers conducted a case-control study of deceased brain tumor cases aged 20-80 years diagnosed during 1997-2003, using two control groups of deceased individuals who died from other cancers or other diseases. Exposure was assessed via questionnaires sent to next-of-kin, with response rates of 75% for cases, 74% for cancer controls, and 60% for other-disease controls. Mobile phone use showed increased risk with >10 years latency (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4-4.1) and with >2,000 hours cumulative use (OR=3.4, 95% CI=1.6-7.1), while cordless phone use showed no clear association.
Crespo-Valero P et al. · 2010
The methodology enhances dosimetry assessment using finite difference time domain simulations or compliance dosimetry measurements. Applications include detailed dosimetric analysis of brain exposure during cell phone use and improved design of exposure setups for human studies. A hierarchical labeling scheme mapped onto high-resolution human models automatically identifies over a thousand brain sites. Electromagnetic absorption can be extracted and interpreted for any brain region or combination of regions.
Christ A, Gosselin MC, Christopoulou M, Kühn S, Kuster N. · 2010
Researchers compared absorption in cortex regions using MRI-based head phantoms of adults and children exposed to different mobile phone models. Locally induced fields in children were significantly higher (>3 dB) in brain subregions (cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus) and the eye due to closer phone proximity. Bone marrow showed an even larger increase (>10 dB) due to its high conductivity. Pineal gland showed no increase as its distance to the phone does not change with age. The study confirmed no age-dependent changes in peak spatial SAR when averaged over the entire head.
Angelone LM, Bit-Babik G, Chou CK. · 2010
Researchers performed a finite-difference time-domain simulation of a human head model with EEG electrodes and leads exposed to RF sources at 915 MHz and 1748 MHz. Whole-head and peak 10-g average SAR changed by less than 20% with leads present, and peak SAR values remained below ICNIRP and IEEE limits. However, a volumetric assessment revealed a two-order-of-magnitude increase in single-voxel power absorption in the epidermis and a 40-fold increase in the brain when metallic leads were used with a 915 MHz mobile phone.
Vecchio F et al. · 2010
Researchers recorded eyes-closed resting EEG data from 16 healthy elderly subjects and 5 young subjects during GSM-on and GSM-off conditions lasting 45 minutes each. Spectral coherence measured inter-hemispheric synchronization across delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands. Elderly subjects showed a statistically significant increment of inter-hemispheric coherence of frontal and temporal alpha rhythms during the GSM condition compared to young subjects. The results suggest GSM-EMFs affect inter-hemispheric synchronization of alpha EEG rhythms as a function of physiological aging.
Panda NK, Jain R, Bakshi J, Munjal S. · 2010
Participants underwent a battery of audiologic investigations including pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, auditory brain responses, and middle latency responses. There was no significant difference between users and controls for any of the audiologic parameters. However, trends for audiologic abnormalities were seen within users, with high-frequency loss and absent distortion product otoacoustic emissions observed with longer duration of use, excessive use, and age over 30 years. The researchers concluded that long-term and intensive mobile phone use may cause inner ear damage, but a larger sample size would be needed for definitive conclusions.
Maganioti AE et al. · 2010
Researchers examined P600 waveform activation patterns using principal component analysis and repeated measures ANOVA to test for RF and gender dependence. Event-related potentials were recorded from thirty-nine healthy subjects (20 male and 19 female) during an auditory memory task in the presence and absence of RF similar to that emitted by mobile phones. Both PCA and ANOVA showed that P600 activation occurs early and intensely in posterior electrodes, less intensely in central electrodes, and later with reduced intensity in anterior electrodes. In the absence of RF, female subjects had significantly lower amplitudes at anterior electrodes and earlier latencies at central electrodes than males, but these gender differences disappeared during RF exposure.
Hardell L, Söderqvist F, Carlberg M, Zetterberg H, Mild KH · 2010
Researchers studied the concentration of β-trace protein in blood in relation to emissions from wireless phones in 62 persons aged 18-30 years. The concentration of β-trace protein decreased with increasing number of years of use of a wireless phone, yielding a negative β coefficient of -0.32 with a 95% confidence interval of -0.60 to -0.04. Cumulative use in hours also gave a negative β coefficient, although not statistically significant. Forty of the 62 persons participated in an experimental study with 30 min exposure to an 890-MHz GSM signal, and no statistically significant change of β-trace protein was found. In a similar study of the remaining 22 participants with no exposure, β-trace protein increased significantly over time, probably due to a relaxed situation.
Vorobyov V, Janać B, Pesić V, Prolić Z. · 2010
Researchers studied EEG in 10 freely moving rats with electrodes implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus over five consecutive days. Rats were exposed to ELF-MW (915 MHz, 20-ms pulse duration, approximately 0.3 mW/cm(2), 4 Hz) intermittently (1-min 'On', 1-min 'Off') for 10 min several times per day. Baseline EEG showed dominant activity in the 3.2-6.0 Hz and 17.8-30.5 Hz ranges in the cortex, and in the 6.0-17.8 Hz range in the hypothalamus. ELF-MW exposure increased beta(2) activity in the hypothalamus more than in the cortex, significantly reducing the initial cortical-hypothalamic EEG imbalance. A cumulative effect was observed across repeated exposures.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2010
Grigoriev YG et al. · 2010
Researchers replicated earlier Soviet studies from 1974 to 1991 that had examined immunological and reproductive effects of long-term low-level radiofrequency exposure in rats. Wistar rats were exposed in the far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave RF fields at an incident power density of 5 W/m² for 7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 30 days, resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 W/kg. The results partly confirmed the earlier findings and indicated possible effects from non-thermal RF exposure on autoimmune processes. A separate part of the study suggested possible adverse effects of blood serum from exposed rats on pregnancy and foetal development of intact rats, though the researchers noted that applying these results to exposure standards is limited.
Carrubba S, Frilot C 2nd, Chesson AL Jr, Marino AA · 2010
Researchers recorded EEGs from six standard locations in 20 volunteers to detect brain potentials triggered by a pulse of the type produced by mobile phones. Evoked potentials having the expected latency were found in 90% of the volunteers, as assessed using a nonlinear method of EEG analysis. Evoked potentials were not detected when the EEG was analyzed using time averaging. The possibility of systematic error was excluded by sham-exposure analyses.
Sonmez OF, Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S · 2010
Researchers exposed 16-week-old adult female rats to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day for 28 days and then counted Purkinje cells in the cerebellum using a stereological technique. The total number of Purkinje cells in the exposed group was significantly lower than in both the control group (p < 0.004) and the sham-exposed group (p < 0.002). Body and brain weights did not differ significantly between the exposed and unexposed groups.
Rağbetli MC et al. · 2010
Researchers investigated the effect of mobile phone exposure on Purkinje and granule neurons in the developing cerebellum. Pregnant Swiss albino mice were exposed to GSM mobile phone radiation at 890–915 MHz at 0.95 W/Kg specific absorption rate (SAR). The study found a significant decrease in the number of Purkinje cells and a tendency for granule cells to increase.
Maskey D et al. · 2010
Researchers investigated the effect of 835-MHz radiofrequency exposure on rat hippocampus for 3 months using immunohistochemical methods. A decrease in calbindin immunoreactivity was observed in the exposed group, with loss of interneurons and pyramidal cells in the CA1 area and loss of granule cells. An overall increase in GFAP immunoreactivity was observed in the hippocampus of exposed rats, and apoptotic cells were detected in the CA1, CA3 areas and dentate gyrus.
Maskey D et al. · 2010
Researchers measured calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) expression in the hippocampus of mice after exposure to 835 MHz electromagnetic fields at various durations and absorption rates. Exposure conditions included 1 hour per day for 5 days at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg, 1 hour per day for 5 days at 4.0 W/kg, 5 hours per day for 1 day at 1.6 W/kg, 5 hours per day for 1 day at 4.0 W/kg, and daily exposure for 1 month at 1.6 W/kg. Exposure for 1 month produced almost complete loss of pyramidal cells in the CA1 area. Body weights did not change significantly across the exposure groups.
Söderqvist F, Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH · 2010
Researchers proposed that transthyretin (TTR), a protein that sequesters amyloid-beta, might help explain findings related to radiofrequency exposure and Alzheimer's disease. In a provocation study on 41 persons exposed for 30 minutes to an 890-MHz GSM signal at 1.0 Watt/kg to the temporal area of the brain, serum TTR was found to be statistically significantly increased 60 minutes after exposure. In a cross-sectional study on 313 subjects, a statistically significantly positive association was found between serum TTR and time since first use of mobile phones and desktop cordless phones combined (P=0.03).
Imge EB, Kiliçoğlu B, Devrim E, Cetin R, Durak I · 2010
Forty female rats were divided into four groups: control, mobile phone, mobile phone plus vitamin C, and vitamin C alone. The mobile phone groups were exposed to a mobile phone signal (900 MHz), and vitamin C was administered orally for four weeks. Mobile phone exposure caused an inhibition in 5'-NT and CAT activities compared to the control group, while GSH-Px activity and MDA levels were reduced but not significantly. The researchers suggested that vitamin C may play a protective role against detrimental effects of mobile phone radiation in brain tissue.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2010
Researchers tested the effects of mobile phone radiation on spatial learning and memory in mice using the Morris water maze, a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task. The mice received a 2 h daily dose of pulsed GSM 900 MHz radiation from a commercially available mobile phone for 4 days at SAR values ranging from 0.41 to 0.98 W/kg. Exposed animals showed a deficit in transferring acquired spatial information across training days, with increased escape latency and distance swam compared to sham-exposed animals. During the memory probe trial, sham-exposed animals showed the expected preference for the target quadrant, while exposed animals showed no preference.
