Adibzadeh F et al. · 2014
Researchers performed detailed dosimetric simulations for 20 head models to quantify how head morphology affects RF dose in different brain regions. The variation in averaged SAR among heads reached up to 16.4 dB in a 1 cm³ brain cube using the field-sensor method and up to 15.8 dB in the medulla using the Talairach method. Head models were exposed to generic mobile phone fields at 835 and 1900 MHz in tilted and cheek positions. The authors concluded that head morphology is an important uncertainty source and that dosimetric analyses for specific brain regions should use real morphology.
Geronikolou S et al. · 2014
Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.
Sarapultseva EI, Igolkina JV, Tikhonov VN, Dubrova YE · 2014
Researchers exposed the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum to 1 GHz and 10 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at power flux densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 W/m2 for periods from 0.05 to 10 hours. Exposure to 0.1 W/m2 of either 1 or 10 GHz radiofrequency fields resulted in a significant decrease in the motility of the ciliates. The motility of unexposed offspring of ciliates that had been irradiated with 0.1 W/m2 of 10 GHz radiofrequency fields remained significantly compromised across at least 10 to 15 generations.
Unknown authors · 2014
Turkish researchers exposed 30 male rats to cell phone frequencies (1800 and 2100 MHz) for 30 minutes daily over one to two months, then examined their bladder cells for genetic damage. They found no increase in micronucleus formation, a marker of DNA damage, compared to unexposed control rats. The study suggests these specific RF exposures may not cause detectable genetic damage in bladder tissue.
Schneider J, Stangassinger M · 2014
Researchers exposed male and female rats continuously to either 900-MHz GSM or 1.966-GHz UMTS electromagnetic fields at 0.4 W/kg. Memory was assessed using a social discrimination procedure, with differences in sniffing duration to familiar and novel juvenile rats used as the measure. EMF-exposed females showed no differences in sniffing duration compared with controls, but sniffing durations of EMF-exposed males at 3 months of age were significantly affected. At 6 months of age, GSM-exposed male adults showed a memory performance deficit, but UMTS-exposed males did not.
Mugunthan N, Anbalagan J, Meenachi S, Samy AS. · 2014
Mice were exposed to 2G ultra-high frequency radiation for 48 minutes per day over 30 to 180 days, with sham controls. In the exposed group, kidney weight and volume were significantly reduced in the first month, while kidney weight alone was significantly increased in the fifth month. Microscopic examination revealed dilated glomerular capillaries, increased urinary space, wider tubular lumens with reduced cell size, brush border interruption, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and marked basal striations in distal tubules. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 2G cell phone radiation could cause microscopic changes in the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Jovanovic D, Bragard G, Picard D, Chauvin S. · 2014
Researchers used three 3G HSPA smartphones from different manufacturers to make 220 two-minute calls on a national mobile network in Paris between 28 July and 04 August 2011. The SYRPOM measuring equipment recorded radiation power levels and frequency bands at a sampling rate of 20,000 per second. The mean normalized power was 0.75% of maximum for 3G VoIP calls and 0.22% for 3G VoCS calls. The very low average power levels indicate that RF exposure from 3G devices with VoIP or VoCS is far from exceeding the basic restrictions of current SAR exposure limits.
Kang KA et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.
Ozorak A et al. · 2013
Kidney and testis samples were collected from decapitated rats during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks. In the fourth week, lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis and copper, zinc, GSH, GSH-Px, and TAS in kidney decreased, while iron in kidney and vitamin A and vitamin E in testis increased in exposed groups. In the fifth week, iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene in kidney increased, while GSH and TAS decreased in exposed groups. In the sixth week, iron concentrations in kidney and lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis increased, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased in exposed groups.
Estenberg J, Augustsson T. · 2013
Researchers developed a car-based measuring system to estimate outdoor radiofrequency field exposure across rural, urban, and city areas of Sweden. The median power density was 16 µW/m(2) in rural areas, 270 µW/m(2) in urban areas, and 2400 µW/m(2) in city areas. In urban and city areas, base stations for mobile phones were clearly the dominating sources of exposure.
Manta AK, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH · 2013
Researchers exposed fruit flies to radiation from cordless phone base stations. The flies showed doubled levels of cell-damaging molecules within hours, even at very low radiation levels. This suggests common household wireless devices may cause cellular stress below current safety standards.
Mandalà M et al. · 2013
Researchers conducted a study to verify whether Bluetooth devices reduce the auditory nerve effects seen with direct mobile phone electromagnetic field exposure, using the same experimental protocol as a prior investigation. Twelve patients underwent retrosigmoid vestibular neurectomy to treat definite unilateral Ménière's disease while being monitored with acoustically evoked CNAPs during direct mobile phone or Bluetooth headset exposure. Bluetooth electromagnetic fields did not produce any significant change in cochlear nerve activity, while mobile phone electromagnetic fields caused a significant decrease in CNAP amplitude and an increase in latency in all subjects.
Kuehn S, Kelsh MA, Kuster N, Sheppard AR, Shum M. · 2013
Researchers measured SARs in phantoms with mobile phones operating at maximum antenna input power to evaluate design factors such as shape, antenna design, communication technology, and test date over a 7-year period. Service technology accounted for the greatest variability in compliance test SARs, ranging from AMPS highest to GSM lowest. The dominant factor for SARs during use is the time-averaged antenna input power, which may be much less than the maximum power used in testing. Phone shape, antenna type, and orientation were significant but only up to a factor of 2, and SAR in the tilt position was significantly smaller than in the touch position. External antennas produced greater SARs than internal ones, and brick and clamshell phones produced greater SARs than slide phones.
Kang KA et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed neuronal brain cells to combined cell phone radiation (CDMA and WCDMA signals) for 2 hours to see if it would increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are harmful molecules that can damage cells. The study found no increase in ROS levels from the radiation exposure, even when combined with chemicals known to cause oxidative stress. This suggests the specific radiation levels tested did not trigger cellular damage in these lab-grown brain cells.
Unknown authors · 2012
Dogan M et al. · 2012
Rats were randomly assigned to an exposed group (n=9) and a control group (n=9), with the exposed group subjected to electromagnetic radiation for 20 days. Researchers measured choline, creatinin, and N-acetylaspartate levels by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by spectrophotometry, and apoptosis by histopathology. No significant differences were found in NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, or NAA/Cho ratios between the exposed and control groups. Oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic cell counts also showed no significant differences between groups.
Hong MN et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells to single frequencies of 837 MHz or 1950 MHz, or both frequencies together, at a SAR of 4 W/kg for 2 hours while maintaining isothermal temperature. They measured intracellular ROS, SOD enzyme activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio and found no statistically significant alterations from either single or multiple RF radiation exposures. Ionizing radiation used as a positive control showed evident changes in all measured endpoints. The results indicate that single or multiple RF radiation exposure did not elicit oxidative stress in MCF10A cells under these conditions.
Murbach M et al · 2012
The system provides the same exposure of the lateral cerebral cortex at two different RF frequencies (900 and 2140 MHz) but with different exposure levels at subcortical structures. The RF modulation and ELF signal are generated by a freely programmable arbitrary signal generator enabling simulation of worst-case exposure scenarios from wireless devices. The maximum achievable RF exposure exceeds 60 W/kg peak spatial specific absorption rate averaged over 10 g of tissue.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to RF-EMF for 45 minutes per day, five days per week, for up to eight weeks. Each signal had a whole-body average SAR of 2.0 W/kg. The combined exposure did not affect the measured immune parameters.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to combined CDMA (849 MHz) and WCDMA (1.95 GHz) cell phone signals at high power levels for 8 weeks, testing multiple immune system markers. The study found no detectable effects on immune function, including blood cell counts, immune cell populations, or inflammatory proteins.
Nittby H et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed 29 land snails of the strain Helix pomatia to GSM electromagnetic fields at 1900 MHz at 48 mW/kg for 1 hour each, while 29 snails served as sham controls. Before and after exposure, snails were placed on a hot plate and the time until they retracted was measured by two blinded observers. GSM-exposed snails were less sensitive to thermal pain compared to sham controls, indicating a significant analgesia (Mann-Whitney p < 0.001).
Nittby H et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed land snails to cell phone radiation at 1900 MHz for one hour and tested their response to heat-induced pain. The exposed snails showed reduced sensitivity to thermal pain compared to unexposed controls, suggesting the radiofrequency radiation acted as a pain reliever. This finding indicates that non-thermal levels of cell phone radiation can alter nervous system responses in living organisms.
Joseph W, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Verloock L, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers assessed electromagnetic exposure from 14 types of air traffic control systems for both workers and the general public. In total, 50 sites were investigated at 1,073 locations in the frequency range of 255 kHz to 24 GHz. Two system types, Non-Directional Beacons (up to 881.6 V m) and DVOR (up to 92.3 V m), exhibited levels requiring recommended minimum distances so that ICNIRP reference levels are not exceeded. When multiple radiofrequency sources were present together, the air traffic control source was found to dominate total exposure in its neighborhood.
Lahham A, Hammash A. · 2012
Researchers measured radiofrequency power density at 65 locations across the West Bank. The average power density from FM radio was 0.148 μW cm(-2), from TV broadcasting 0.007 μW cm(-2), and from mobile phone base stations 0.089 μW cm(-2). The average total exposure from all sources was 0.37 μW cm(-2). The maximum total exposure at any location was 3.86 μW cm(-2), with an exposure quotient of 0.02, indicating compliance with international guidelines. FM radio contributed about 62% of total exposure, mobile phone base stations 35%, and TV broadcasting 3%.
Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS · 2012
Researchers used a mouse model to examine whether in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones affects adult behavior. Mice exposed in the womb were hyperactive and had impaired memory, as measured using the object recognition, light/dark box, and step-down assays. The exposed mice also had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex.
