Yang R, Chen J, Deng Z, Liu X, · 2001
Researchers cultured pig retinal ganglion cells in vitro, added vitamin E at different concentrations, and exposed them to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at 30 mW/cm² for 1 hour. Microwave exposure caused cell congregation, axon disappearance, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum swelling, and apoptosis. Vitamin E groups showed no obvious changes under optical microscope, though electron microscopy revealed light mitochondria swelling with intact cristae. The researchers concluded that microwave induced morphological damage and vitamin E reduced this damage to some extent.
Unknown authors · 2001
Researchers evaluated leukemia mortality among adults and childhood leukemia incidence in a 10 km area around the Vatican Radio Station in Rome. The station transmitted up to 600 kW and electric field measurements near it ranged from 1.5 to 25 V/m. Childhood leukemia incidence was higher than expected within 6 km (SIR = 217; 95% CI 99-405), and Stone's test showed a significant decrease in risk with distance for male adult mortality (p = 0.03) and childhood incidence (p = 0.04).
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2001
Researchers exposed samples to pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation at 2375 MHz with intensities of 0.8, 8.0, and 40.0 microW/cm2, modulation range 30-310 Hz, for 1-3 minutes. They observed a change in alkaline phosphotase activity in vitro.
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2001
Researchers exposed donor blood to pulse-modulated microwaves at 2375 MHz with intensities of 2 microW/cm2 and 8 microW/cm2, pulse modulation from 50 to 390 Hz, for 5 minutes. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was strongly dependent on both modulation frequency and microwave intensity. Maximum activity was found at 390 Hz and 8 microW/cm2, reaching about six times the control level.
Alhekail ZO. · 2001
Researchers surveyed microwave ovens used in households and restaurants in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. One oven leaked more than the 5 mW cm-2 limit, and fifteen others leaked 1 mW cm-2 or more, with the rest leaking less. The researchers concluded that a detrimental effect on health is an unlikely result of exposure to radiation from microwave ovens.
Trosic I · 2001
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz microwaves at power densities of 5 to 15 mW/cm², in sessions of two hours each, with groups receiving 2, 8, 13, or 22 treatments. Multinucleated cells significantly increased (p<0.01) in treated animals, with the elevation being time- and dose-dependent. Cell viability did not significantly change in the irradiated animal group compared with the control group.
Fernie KJ, Bird DM. · 2001
Researchers investigated whether exposure to magnetic and electric fields similar to those from power lines induces an immune response and alters oxidative stress levels in American kestrels. Captive male kestrels were bred under control or EMF conditions equivalent to those experienced by wild kestrels. Short-term EMF exposure suppressed plasma total proteins, hematocrits, and carotenoids in the first half of the breeding season, and also suppressed erythrocyte cells and lymphocyte proportions while elevating granulosa proportions at the end of the breeding season. Long-term EMF exposure may be linked to higher levels of oxidative stress through EMF exposure only, and also suppressed hematocrits in the first half of the reproductive period.
Jajte J, Zmyślony M, Palus J, Dziubałtowska E, Rajkowska E. · 2001
Researchers used the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA damage in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to iron ions and a 50 Hz magnetic field. Cell samples were incubated for 3 hours in Helmholtz coils at 7 mT 50 Hz, and some were treated with ferrous chloride at 10 μg/ml during that exposure. A significant increase in cells with DNA damage was found only after simultaneous exposure to ferrous chloride and the 7 mT 50 Hz magnetic field, compared to control samples or those incubated with ferrous chloride alone. When cells were treated with melatonin before that combined exposure, the number of damaged cells was significantly reduced, with the reduction reaching about 50% at 0.5 mM and about 100% at 1.0 mM.
Simkó M, Droste S, Kriehuber R, Weiss DG · 2001
Researchers examined the effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on phagocytosis and free radical production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed in vitro to magnetic field densities of 0.5 to 1.5 mT. Short-time exposure of 45 minutes resulted in a significantly increased phagocytic uptake of 36.3% plus or minus 15.1%, as measured by the internalization rate of latex beads. A significant increase in superoxide production was also detected after exposure to electromagnetic fields. Because co-exposure to electromagnetic fields and TPA showed no additive increase in bead uptake, researchers concluded that the electromagnetic fields-induced stimulation does not involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers conducted a pooled analysis based on individual records from nine studies. The analysis included 3203 children with leukaemia and 10 338 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures levels < 0.4 μT, and 44 children with leukaemia and 62 control children with exposures ≥ 0.4 μT. For exposures ≥ 0.4 μT the estimated summary relative risk was 2.00 (1.27–3.13), P value = 0.002, while for exposures < 0.4 μT risk estimates were near the no effect level. Adjustment for potential confounding variables did not appreciably change the results. No evidence was found for a wire-code paradox; the highest wire code category showed a relative risk of 1.24 (0.82–1.87).
Unknown authors · 2000
This 2000 case-control study examined 469 brain cancer patients and 422 matched controls across five U.S. medical centers to investigate whether handheld cell phone use increases brain cancer risk. Researchers found no overall increased risk, with users actually showing slightly lower odds ratios compared to non-users, though they noted more brain tumors occurred on the same side of the head where phones were used. The study acknowledged important limitations including short average use duration (under 3 years) and the need for longer-term data to assess slow-growing tumors.
Wang, BM, Lai, H · 2000
Rats were trained in six sessions to locate a submerged platform in a circular water maze. They were exposed to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves for 1 hour before each training session. Microwave-exposed rats were slower than sham-exposed and cage control rats in learning to locate the platform. During the probe trial, microwave-exposed animals spent significantly less time in the quadrant that had contained the platform. There was no significant difference in swim speed among the three groups.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves (similar to microwave oven frequency) for one hour before each water maze training session. The microwave-exposed rats were significantly slower to learn the maze and showed impaired spatial memory compared to unexposed controls. The findings suggest that even brief exposure to pulsed microwaves can disrupt learning and memory formation.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves (similar to microwave oven frequency) for one hour before each training session in a water maze test. The microwave-exposed rats learned significantly slower and showed impaired spatial memory compared to unexposed controls, suggesting the radiation disrupted their ability to navigate and remember locations.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450 MHz microwaves (similar to microwave oven frequency) for one hour before each training session in a water maze learning task. The microwave-exposed rats took longer to learn the maze location and showed impaired spatial memory compared to control groups. This suggests that acute microwave exposure can interfere with learning and memory processes in the brain.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers incubated isolated rat lymphocytes for three hours in 7 mT static or 50 Hz magnetic fields, with some samples receiving iron chloride or hydrogen peroxide. Magnetic field exposure alone did not increase DNA damage in the comet assay. Iron chloride alone also did not produce detectable DNA damage. However, combined exposure to iron chloride and magnetic fields significantly increased damaged cells to about 20 percent for static fields and 15 percent for 50 Hz fields. Control samples showed about 97 percent of cells without DNA damage.
Unknown authors · 2000
The researcher studied the incidence of central nervous system diseases in 30,631 persons employed in Danish utility companies between 1900 and 1993, linked the cohort to the Danish National Register of Patients and compared cases from 1978 to 1993 with general population rates, and fitted a multiplicative Poisson regression model to estimated 50-Hz electromagnetic field exposure levels. Overall there was an increase in risk for senile dementia and motor neuron diseases combined, while Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and other central nervous system diseases were essentially unrelated to exposure. A decreased risk of epilepsy compared with the general population probably reflects a healthy worker effect, but internal comparisons showed an increased risk of epilepsy.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers measured personal magnetic field exposure, ambient light, and excretion of the melatonin metabolite 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate over three consecutive workdays in electric utility workers. Men working more than two hours daily in substation and three-phase environments showed a magnetic field-dependent reduction in adjusted mean nocturnal and post-work metabolite levels, while those working two hours or less showed no effect. No changes were observed in men working in single-phase environments.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers measured melatonin levels in electric utility workers exposed to 60-Hz magnetic fields from substations and 3-phase power lines. Workers with more than 2 hours daily exposure showed significantly reduced melatonin production, while those with shorter exposures showed no effect. This suggests that power frequency magnetic fields can disrupt the body's natural sleep hormone production.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers cultured mouse pre-antral follicles for 5 days and exposed them to pulsed ELF-EMF at 33 Hz or 50 Hz. ELF-EMF did not affect follicular growth over 3 days, but on day 5 the 33 Hz exposure significantly reduced growth compared to controls, while 50 Hz did not. ELF-EMF severely impaired antrum formation at both frequencies, with control follicles forming antral cavities at 79% versus 30% at 33 Hz and 51.6% at 50 Hz. Oocytes from exposed follicles showed a reduced ability to resume meiotic maturation compared to controls.
Unknown authors · 2000
Italian researchers exposed developing mouse egg follicles to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at 33 Hz and 50 Hz for 5 days. The EMF exposure severely disrupted normal follicle development, with only 30-52% of exposed follicles forming essential antral cavities compared to 79% of unexposed follicles. This impairment could reduce female fertility by preventing eggs from reaching the developmental stage needed for successful reproduction.
Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML, · 2000
Researchers exposed human blood cells to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and some WiFi) for 2 hours to see if it would damage DNA. They found no evidence of DNA damage - the cells looked identical to unexposed cells, while cells exposed to ionizing radiation showed clear damage. This suggests that RF radiation at these levels doesn't break DNA strands in human immune cells.
Unknown authors · 2000
The researchers studied the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields combined with mild heat shock on reporter gene expression in two transgenic strains of Caenorhabditis elegans. Reporter gene expression was measured by scoring animals with induced beta-galactosidase activity after staining in toto or by biochemical quantitation of enzyme activity. They defined experimental conditions where electromagnetic fields strongly enhanced the expression of the reporter gene.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers used Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue as the host and hydroxylamine-mutagenized plasmid pUC8 as the vector for assessment. Bacterial transformants exposed to a 50 Hz magnetic field showed lower percentages of white colonies than unexposed transformants. The lower white colony percentage indicated that DNA repair efficiency had improved. The improvement was mediated by induced overproduction of heat shock proteins DnaK/J (Hsp70/40).
Peinnequin A et al. · 2000
