Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2008
Researchers exposed V79 cells to continuous wave frequencies of 864 MHz and 935 MHz for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Growth was significantly increased after two- and three-hour exposures to 864 MHz and after three-hour exposure to 935 MHz, measured 72 hours after irradiation. Colony-forming ability and cell viability did not significantly differ from control cells. The two fields showed similar effects on growth, colony-forming ability, and viability, with impact being time-dependent.
Inoue S, Motoda H, Koike Y, Kawamura K, Hiragami F, Kano Y. · 2008
Exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation at 200 W increased neurite outgrowth frequency about 10-fold compared to non-irradiated controls. The increase was prevented by adding a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Microwave treatment did not cause toxicity, unlike heat shock at 45°C.
Prisco MG et al. · 2008
Johansson A et al. · 2008
Fifteen subjects with atopic dermatitis and 15 matched controls were exposed for 30 min to a 900 MHz GSM mobile phone-like RF field at 1 W/kg. Blood samples were taken before and after exposure to measure serum levels of substance P (SP), TNF R1, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). At baseline, the atopic dermatitis group had significantly higher serum TNF R1 and significantly lower BDNF than controls, while SP did not differ. No effects of RF exposure were found on any of the measured substances. Symptom reports were too few to evaluate a possible correlation with exposure.
Moisescu MG, Leveque P, Bertrand JR, Kovacs E, Mir LM · 2008
Researchers designed a device for continuous microscopic observation of cells exposed to modulated EMF similar to mobile phone signals. The system allowed follow-up of cell progression into mitosis under controlled temperature and CO2 environment. Cells exposed to 900 MHz modulated EMF for 1 hour at 30 degrees C and 2.2 W/kg showed increased endocytosis rate but no alteration in mitosis progression or duration. The exposure system was validated by cell endocytosis measurements.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed murine L929 fibroblasts to 872 MHz continuous wave or pulse modulated RF radiation at 5 W/kg. They measured ornithine decarboxylase activity after 1- and 24-hour exposures, proliferation during 48 hours after 24-hour exposure, and caspase-3 activity after 1-hour exposure. The cells responded to fresh medium and serum deprivation, but no consistent effects of RF radiation were found. One statistically significant difference in ODC activity (p=0.03) was observed but considered a chance finding due to multiple comparisons and lack of support from other data. The results did not support effects on the endpoints studied, and stressed or stimulated cells were not more sensitive than normal cells to RF radiation.
Unknown authors · 2008
Finnish researchers exposed mouse fibroblasts to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 5 W/kg to test whether cell stress affects EMF sensitivity. They measured cell growth, death signals, and enzyme activity under normal, stimulated, and stressed conditions. No consistent biological effects were found from the RF exposure, regardless of the cells' physiological state.
Lee JJ et al. · 2008
NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts were exposed to 849 MHz RF radiation at average SAR values of 2 or 10 W/kg for either 1 hour or 1 hour per day for 3 days. Cellular invasion and migration were assessed using in vitro Matrigel invasion and Transwell migration assays. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed at 24 and 48 hours after exposure by flow cytometry. The study found no detectable effects on cell cycle distribution, cellular migration, or invasion at the tested SAR values.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed human lens epithelial cells intermittently for 24 hours to radiofrequency fields at specific absorption rates of 1, 2, 3, and 4 W/kg. DNA damage measured by alkaline comet assay increased significantly at 3 and 4 W/kg, while double-strand breaks increased only at 4 W/kg. Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels rose significantly at 3 and 4 W/kg, and cells exposed to 4 W/kg showed G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis did not differ between exposed and sham groups, and all observed effects were blocked when the radiofrequency field was superposed with 2 muT electromagnetic noise.
Unknown authors · 2008
This 2008 study exposed human eye lens cells to 1.8 GHz cell phone radiation at various power levels for 24 hours. Researchers found DNA damage and cellular stress at higher exposure levels, but discovered that adding electromagnetic 'noise' completely blocked these harmful effects. However, this study was later retracted by the journal.
Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2008
Researchers exposed primary cultured rat neurons to 1.8 GHz RF EMF at a SAR of 2 W/kg and used a gene array to look for changes in gene expression. Among 1200 candidate genes screened, 24 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated, associated with functions including cytoskeleton, signal transduction, and metabolism. The effect of 24-hour exposure on gene expression was more obvious than that of 6-hour exposure, and intermittent exposure had a more obvious effect than continuous exposure.
Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2008
Researchers exposed rat brain cells to cell phone radiation (1.8 GHz) for up to 24 hours. The radiation altered 34 genes controlling brain cell structure, communication, and metabolism. Changes were stronger with intermittent exposure patterns, suggesting cell phone signals may affect brain function.
Nittby H et al. · 2008
Swedish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 1,800 MHz for six hours and found significant changes in brain gene expression. The radiation altered genes controlling cell membranes and signal transmission in memory-critical brain regions, occurring at levels similar to extended human cell phone use.
Manti L et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro to a UMTS signal at a frequency carrier of 1.95 GHz for 24 hours at 0.5 and 2.0 W/kg SAR. Cells were also given 4 Gy of X rays immediately before RF radiation or sham exposures, and chromosome aberrations were measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization. No significant variations due to the UMTS exposure were found in the fraction of aberrant cells, but the frequency of exchanges per cell showed a small but statistically significant increase of 0.11 exchange per cell compared to 0 W/kg SAR.
Mazor R et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 samples to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 800 MHz for 72 hours in a waveguide resonator at specific absorption rates of 2.9 and 4.1 W/kg. The study found increased levels of aneuploidy depending on the chromosome studied and the level of exposure, with chromosomal gains appearing to be the primary contributor. Temperature was tested over a range of 33.5–40°C for 72 hours and showed no statistically significant difference in aneuploidy levels compared to 37°C, suggesting the effect may not be due to heating.
Yao K, Wu W, Wang K, Ni S, Ye P, Yu Y, Ye J, Sun L. · 2008
Researchers exposed cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) to a 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency field for 2 hours at specific absorption rates of 1, 2, 3, and 4 W/kg, then measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage. After exposure to 1.8 GHz RF for 2 h, HLECs exhibited significant intracellular ROS increase in the 2, 3, and 4 W/kg groups, and RF at 3 W/kg and 4 W/kg induced significant DNA damage consisting mainly of single strand breaks. When the radiofrequency field was superposed with 2 μT electromagnetic noise, the noise blocked the RF-induced ROS increase and DNA damage.
Ammari M et al. · 2008
Researchers measured GFAP expression in rat brain areas using immunocytochemistry to evaluate glial changes 10 days after chronic exposure to a GSM 900 MHz signal. Rats were exposed 5 days a week for 24 weeks at a brain-averaged SAR of 1.5 W/kg for 45 minutes per day, or at 6 W/kg for 15 minutes per day. Compared with sham or cage control animals, rats exposed at 6 W/kg had increased GFAP stained surface areas (p < 0.05), while exposure at 1.5 W/kg did not increase GFAP expression. The researchers noted that chronic exposure at 6 W/kg may induce persistent astroglia activation in the rat brain, which they described as a sign of a potential gliosis.
Ammari M, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de-Seze R · 2008
Researchers measured cytochrome oxidase levels in rat brains using histochemical methods to evaluate regional brain metabolic activity after GSM 900 MHz signal exposure. Rats were exposed either for 45 minutes per day at a SAR of 1.5 W/Kg or for 15 minutes per day at a SAR of 6 W/Kg, over seven days. At 6 W/Kg, decreased CO activity was found in areas of the prefrontal and frontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the posterior cortex, while exposure at 1.5 W/Kg did not affect brain activity.
Joubert, V., Bourthoumieu, S., Leveque, P. and Yardin, C. · 2008
Researchers exposed rat primary neuronal cultures to a continuous-wave 900 MHz radiofrequency field at a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 24 hours. A statistically significant difference in the rate of apoptosis was found in the RF-field-exposed neurons compared to the sham-, 37°C- and 39°C-exposed neurons either 0 or 24 h after exposure using both methods. The percentage of AIF-positive nuclei in RF-field-exposed neurons was increased by three- to sevenfold compared to other conditions, while no increase in caspase 3 activity was found.
Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S · 2008
Researchers investigated the effects of prenatal EMF exposure on the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of 4-week-old rats. Pregnant rats in the exposed group were subjected to a 900 MHz EMF for 60 min/day between the first and last days of gestation. The results showed that prenatal EMF exposure caused a decrease in the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (P < 0.01).
Ammari M et al. · 2008
French researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 24 weeks and found that high-level exposure caused persistent brain inflammation. The study measured GFAP, a protein that increases when brain support cells called astrocytes become activated in response to injury or stress. This suggests that chronic cell phone radiation exposure may trigger ongoing inflammatory responses in brain tissue.
Ammari M, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de-Seze R. · 2008
French researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation and measured brain enzyme activity. High-intensity exposure (6 W/kg) for 15 minutes daily reduced brain activity in memory and decision-making regions after one week. Lower exposures showed no effects, suggesting intensity matters for brain function.
Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. · 2008
French researchers exposed rat brain cells to cell phone-level radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz at 2 W/kg SAR) for 24 hours and found it triggered programmed cell death through a specific cellular pathway. The brain cells died at rates significantly higher than control groups, even when accounting for the slight temperature increase from the radiation. This suggests that RF radiation can damage neurons through mechanisms beyond just heating effects.
Hountala CD et al. · 2008
Researchers introduced spectral power coherence as a measure of coordination among four EEG frequency bands at a specific brain location. They found that delta rhythm contributes less to this coordination than theta, alpha, and beta rhythms. Gender differences in overall spectral power coherence were observed without radiation, but these differences disappeared during 900 MHz exposure and reversed during 1800 MHz exposure. The measure was calculated from pre-stimulus EEG during an auditory memory task under 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field conditions.
Hountala CD et al. · 2008
Researchers measured how different brain wave frequencies work together during memory tasks when people were exposed to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies. They found that radiation changed the coordination patterns between brain waves, with different effects for men and women. Under normal conditions, men showed better coordination between brain wave frequencies than women, but this difference disappeared or reversed when exposed to the two different radiation frequencies.
