Hietanen M, Kovala T, Hamalainen AM · 2000
Researchers analyzed EEG activity of 19 volunteers exposed to five different cellular phones operating at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Each subject completed six 30-minute experiments including one sham exposure, with real exposure lasting 20 minutes. Exposure to one phone caused a statistically significant change in absolute delta power, but relative delta power did not change and no effects were seen with other phones. The authors concluded that the observed difference was likely due to chance and that radiofrequency fields from cellular phones have no abnormal effects on EEG activity.
Schirmacher A et al. · 2000
Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. · 2000
Tsurita G, Nagawa H, Ueno S, Watanabe S, Taki M, · 2000
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1439 MHz TDMA field. Exposure lasted one hour a day for two or four weeks. The study assessed blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebellar morphology, and body mass.
Wagner P et al. · 2000
Researchers aimed to investigate human sleep EEG under pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields using polysomnographies with submaximal high power flux densities. They applied a submaximal power flux density of 50 W/m(2). All-night polysomnographies were recorded from 20 healthy male subjects with and without exposure to a circularly polarized EMF at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz with 577 microsecond pulse duration. The results showed no significant effect of the field application on conventional sleep parameters or sleep EEG power spectra.
Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML, · 2000
Researchers exposed human blood cells to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and some WiFi) for 2 hours to see if it would damage DNA. They found no evidence of DNA damage - the cells looked identical to unexposed cells, while cells exposed to ionizing radiation showed clear damage. This suggests that RF radiation at these levels doesn't break DNA strands in human immune cells.
Peinnequin A et al. · 2000
Lebedeva NN et al. · 2000
EEG was recorded from 16 standard leads during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions and analyzed with custom non-linear dynamics software that computed a multichannel global correlation dimension. A significant increase in global correlation dimension occurred during and after exposure, more pronounced with eyes closed. The authors interpreted this increase as a manifestation of cortex activation under phone EMF exposure.
Unknown authors · 2000
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000
Gos P, Eicher B, Kohli J, Heyer WD · 2000
Researchers exposed actively growing and resting yeast cells to 900 MHz fields at specific absorption rates of 0.13 and 1.3 W/kg. Assays measured forward mutation rates at CAN1, petite clone formation, intrachromosomal deletion formation, and intragenic recombination in the ADE2 gene. Fields were also tested in combination with the alkylating agent methyl methansulfonate to assess whether they could enhance genotoxic damage. Fluctuation tests failed to detect any significant effect on any of these measures, in the absence or presence of methyl methansulfonate.
Lu ST et al. · 2000
Researchers studied retinal effects of 1.25 GHz high peak power microwaves in Rhesus monkeys. Preexposure and postexposure fundus pictures and angiograms were all within normal limits. Cone photoreceptor response to light flash was enhanced at 8.4 and 20.2 W/kg R-SAR but not at 4.3 W/kg R-SAR. Enhanced glycogen storage in photoreceptors was observed in sham, 8.4, and 20.2 W/kg groups but not in the 4.3 W/kg group. No degenerative changes or ERG depression were observed, and retinal injury was considered very unlikely at 4 W/kg.
Marino C et al. · 2000
Researchers examined possible effects of 900 MHz microwave exposure on the cochlear epithelium of rats. Two experiments used male Sprague-Dawley rats with far-field exposure in a cubic chamber. No statistically significant evidence was obtained at both SAR values. The exposure system and diagnostic apparatus were considered useful for investigating auditory effects, but no evidence was observed with the parameters applied.
Jauchem JR, Ryan KL, Freidagger MR · 2000
Ketamine-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1 GHz, 10 GHz, or combined 1 and 10 GHz microwaves at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 12 W/kg. Exposures were conducted in E and H orientations under far-field conditions until lethal temperatures were reached. Survival time was shortest at 1 GHz, intermediate for combined frequencies, and longest at 10 GHz, with most differences statistically significant. Temperature values at most sites for combined exposure fell between those of the single-frequency groups. Arterial blood pressure initially increased then decreased until death, heart rate increased throughout, and patterns were similar across all groups.
Unknown authors · 2000
Ivanova VIu, Martynova OV, Aleinik SV, Limarenko AV. · 2000
Researchers studied the effect of modulated electromagnetic fields on brainwave activity in awake cats by recording electroencephalograms from the skin surface in the vertex area using carbon electrodes. In normal cats, brainwave components above 20 Hz predominated, but during electromagnetic field exposure at 980 MHz and a power density of 30–50 microW/cm2, components in the 12–18 Hz range began to prevail instead. A similar redistribution of brainwave power was also seen with acoustic stimulation, and the researchers suggested a common neurophysiological mechanism underlying both effects.
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2000
Researchers studied the activity of alkaline phosphatase during exposure to pulse-modulated microwave radiation. The carrier frequency was 2375 MHz with modulation pulse rates of 10-390 Hz, on-off time ratio 2, and specific absorption rates of 8 and 0.8 microW/cm2. At a modulation frequency of 70 Hz, alkaline phosphatase activity increased 1.8-2.0 times. Exposure times were 1 and 3 minutes under continuous temperature control.
Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H · 2000
The influence of pulsed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields of digital GSM mobile phones on working memory in healthy subjects were studied. Memory load was varied from 0 to 3 items in an n-back task, and each subject was tested twice with and without RF exposure at 902 MHz and 217 Hz. The RF field speeded up response times when the memory load was three items, but no effects were observed with lower loads. The results suggest that RF fields have a measurable effect on human cognitive performance and encourage further studies.
Nakamura H, Nagase H, Ogino K, Hatta K, Matsuzaki I · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to continuous-wave microwaves at 2 mW/cm² and 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured uteroplacental blood flow and hormone levels. Colonic temperature did not change significantly in either virgin or pregnant rats. Microwave exposure decreased uteroplacental blood flow and increased progesterone and PGF2α in pregnant rats but not in virgin rats. Pretreatment with angiotensin II prevented these changes in pregnant rats. Corticosterone increased and estradiol decreased during exposure regardless of pregnancy status or angiotensin II pretreatment.
Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML · 2000
Human peripheral blood samples from three volunteers were exposed to pulsed-wave 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours. The exposure used a net forward power of 21 W with an average power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a mean specific absorption rate of 2.135 W/kg. DNA damage was measured using the alkaline comet assay immediately and 4 hours after exposure. No significant differences were found in comet tail length, fluorescence intensity, or tail moment between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes at either time point. The response of lymphocytes exposed to ionizing radiation was significantly different from RF-radiation- and sham-exposed cells.
Preece et al. · 1999
Thirty-six participants completed a randomized three-way crossover study with two training sessions and three test sessions. The only cognitive measure that changed was choice reaction time, which became faster, while word, number, picture recall and spatial memory were unchanged.
Borbely et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed healthy young subjects during an entire night-time sleep episode to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field at a maximum specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg. The exposure schedule consisted of alternating 15-min on-15-min off intervals. Compared with a control night with sham exposure, the amount of waking after sleep onset was reduced from 18 to 12 min, and EEG spectral power in non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased. The researchers concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF in the range of radiotelephones may promote sleep and modify the sleep EEG.
Velizarov, S, Raskmark, P, Kwee, S, · 1999
Researchers exposed cell cultures to a GSM 960 MHz field in a TEM cell at 39°C and 35°C. Exposed cells showed a significant change in proliferation compared to non-exposed controls at both temperatures. Sham-exposed cells showed no significant change in proliferation at either temperature.
Fesenko, EE, Makar, VR, Novoselova, EG, Sadovnikov, VB, · 1999
Researchers exposed male NMRI mice to whole body microwave irradiation at 8.15-18 GHz and a power density of 1 microW/cm2 and measured tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in immune cells. Shorter exposures ranging from 5 hours to 3 days significantly enhanced TNF production in peritoneal macrophages and splenic T lymphocytes. Chronic irradiation for 7 days decreased TNF production in peritoneal macrophages. Microwave treatment increased endogenously produced TNF more effectively than lipopolysaccharide, described as one of the most potent stimuli of this cytokine.
de Seze R, Ayoub J, Peray P, Miro L, Touitou Y · 1999
Researchers evaluated maximum serum melatonin concentration, time of maximum, and area under the curve of the hormone profile. Thirty-eight men aged 20 to 32 years were exposed to GSM 900 or DCS 1800 phones for 2 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 4 wk at maximum power. Blood samples were collected hourly during the night and every 3 hr in the daytime across four sessions at 15-day intervals. The melatonin circadian profile was not disrupted by the exposure.
