Gos, P, Eicher, B, Kohli, J, Heyer, WD · 1997
Researchers exposed exponentially growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to electromagnetic fields from 41.682 GHz to 41.710 GHz in 2 MHz increments at power densities of 0.5 and 50 microW/cm2. Cell division was assessed by time-lapse photography using two identical chambers that allowed concurrent control and exposure experiments. Control experiments showed the cells were dividing at submaximal rates, ensuring that any increase or decrease in division rate could be observed. No consistently significant differences were found between exposed and unexposed cells across multiple independent experiment series.
Cleary, SF, Cao, G, Liu, LM, Egle, PM, Shelton, KR · 1997
Researchers investigated stress protein induction in HeLa and CHO cells following a 2-hour exposure to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. Cells were exposed under isothermal conditions maintained at 37 ± 0.2 °C. Neither microwave nor RF radiation had a detectable effect on stress protein induction.
Jensh RP · 1997
This review examined whether chronic prenatal microwave exposure in rats caused adverse effects at birth or alterations in offspring development and growth. Pregnant rats were exposed throughout pregnancy to continuous wave 915 MHz, 2450 MHz, or 6000 MHz radiation at power density levels of 10, 20, or 35 mW/cm2, respectively. Animals exposed to 915 MHz did not exhibit any consistent significant alterations in any of the parameters measured. Offspring exposed to 6000 MHz showed an initial slight but significant retardation in term weight, delayed eye opening, lower weekly weights that recovered by the fifth week, and changes in water T-maze and open field performance.
Vijayalaxmi, Mohan, N, Meltz, ML, Wittler, MA, · 1997
Vollrath L, Spessert R, Kratzsch T, Keiner M, Hollmann H · 1997
Researchers exposed male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields at 0.1 to 0.6 mW/cm2, continuous or pulsed at 217 Hz, for 15 min to 6 h. At day or night had no notable short-term effect on pineal melatonin synthesis in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and Djungarian hamsters. Pineal synaptic ribbon profile numbers (studied in rats only) were likewise not affected The 900 MHz electromagnetic fields, unpulsed or pulsed at 217 Hz, as applied in the present study, have no short-term effect on the mammalian pineal gland.
Vijayalaxmi, Mohan N, Meltz ML, Wittler MA · 1997
Researchers exposed human blood cells to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (microwave oven frequency) for 90 minutes and found no genetic damage or changes in cell division. The study tested both continuous and intermittent exposure patterns at power levels similar to some industrial microwave applications.
Vorobyov VV, Galchenko AA, Kukushkin NI, Akoev IG · 1997
Researchers studied averaged EEG frequency spectra in eight unanesthetized adult male rats with chronically implanted electrodes in symmetrical somesthetic areas during intermittent exposure to a weak 945 MHz microwave field amplitude-modulated at 4 Hz. Hemispheric asymmetry showed power decreases in the 1.5-3 Hz range on the left and in the 10-14 and 20-30 Hz ranges on the right hemisphere. No differences between control and exposure were found in averaged spectra over 10 or 1 minute periods. However, significant elevations of EEG asymmetry in the 10-14 Hz range occurred during the first 20 seconds after most microwave field onsets when spectra were averaged every 10 seconds.
Salford LG, Brun A, Persson BRR · 1997
Researchers used Fischer 344 rats of both sexes with implanted glioma cells (RG2 and N32) in a matched-pair design. Starting on day 5 after inoculation, rats were exposed for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week for 2–3 weeks to 915 MHz continuous or pulse-modulated microwaves. The study found no significant difference in tumour size between exposed and control animals. Tumour size was estimated as the volume of an ellipsoid after histopathological examination of all brains.
Nakamura H, Seto T, Nagase H, Yoshida M, Dan S, Ogino K. · 1997
Pregnant rats exposed to microwaves showed a significant reduction in splenic natural killer cell activity, while no such reduction was seen in exposed virgin rats. Corticosterone and ACTH increased, and oestradiol decreased, in both exposed virgin and pregnant rats, while beta-endorphin and progesterone increased significantly only in pregnant rats.
Lai H, Carino MA, Singh NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz pulsed radiofrequency radiation at a power density of 2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours and then measured DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. The RFR exposure significantly increased DNA double strand breaks in rat brain cells, and the effect was partially blocked by naltrexone treatment. The researchers concluded that endogenous opioids play a mediating role in RFR-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP, · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours and found it caused DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, it partially prevented this DNA damage. This suggests the body's own opioid system plays a role in how microwave radiation damages DNA in brain cells.
Mason PA et al. · 1997
Researchers measured extracellular amino acid concentrations in the hypothalamus and caudate nucleus of rats using in vivo microdialysis before and during exposure to RFR. Rats were exposed to 5.02 GHz radiation (10 microseconds pulse width, 1000 pulses/s) for 40 minutes while brain temperatures were maintained at approximately 41.2 and 41.7 degrees C. Aspartic acid, serine, and glycine concentrations increased significantly in both regions during exposure. Glutamic acid and glutamine changes were not statistically significant.
Pu, JS, Chen, J, Yang, YH, Bai, YQ · 1997
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (similar to WiFi frequencies) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, the DNA damage was partially prevented. This suggests that microwave radiation triggers the release of natural opioids in the brain, which then contributes to genetic damage.
Nakamura et al. · 1997
Scientists exposed pregnant and non-pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz for 90 minutes. Pregnant rats showed weakened immune systems and hormonal changes that didn't occur in non-pregnant rats, suggesting pregnancy increases vulnerability to wireless radiation from everyday devices.
Maes A, Collier M, Van Gorp U, Vandoninck S, Verschaeve L · 1997
Researchers exposed cells to 935.2 MHz microwaves alone and in combination with mitomycin C and found no direct cytogenetic effect. Combined exposure to microwaves followed by mitomycin C produced a very weak effect compared to mitomycin C alone.
Antonopoulos A, Eisenbrandt H, Obe G, · 1997
Human peripheral lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of high-frequency electromagnetic fields of 380, 900 and 1800 MHz. The measured endpoints were cell cycle progression and the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges. No differences between treated and control cultures could be found.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers investigated single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Rats received acute 2-hour exposure to pulsed or continuous-wave 2450-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, producing a whole-body average-specific absorption rate of 1.2 W/kg. An increase in both types of DNA strand breaks was observed after exposure to either the pulsed or continuous-wave radiation, with no significant difference between the two forms.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for two hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells four hours later. The study suggests RF radiation at these levels can break genetic material in brain cells, potentially affecting cellular repair mechanisms.
Irnich W, Batz L, Muller R, Tobisch R · 1996
Maes A, Collier M, Slaets D, Verschaeve L. · 1996
Researchers exposed whole blood samples to a 954 MHz GSM base station antenna and then cultured lymphocytes with mitomycin C. They measured sister chromatid exchange frequencies in metaphase figures.
Unknown authors · 1996
The study investigated the combined effects of 954 MHz microwaves and the DNA damaging agent mitomycin C. Whole blood samples were exposed in vitro to a 954 MHz emitting antenna from a GSM base station. Lymphocytes were then cultivated in the presence of mitomycin C. A highly reproducible synergistic effect was observed in sister chromatid exchange frequencies in metaphase figures.
Cleary, SF, Du, Z, Cao, G, Liu, LM, McCrady, C · 1996
Researchers investigated the effects of RF radiation exposure on interleukin 2 (IL-2) -dependent proliferation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLL-2). At specific absorption rates greater than 25 W/kg, exposure produced a consistent, statistically significant reduction in CTLL-2 proliferation, especially at low IL-2 concentrations. At lower SARs, 2450 MHz exposure increased CTLL-2 proliferation immediately after exposure but reduced 24 h postexposure proliferation. The researchers found significant qualitative and quantitative differences between the effects of temperature elevation and RF radiation.
Wolke S, Neibig U, Elsner R, Gollnick F, Meyer R, · 1996
Detlavs I et al. · 1996
Researchers exposed Wistar rats with full-thickness dermal wounds to RF EMF for 30 min daily during the first 5 days using 53.53 GHz without modulation, 42.19 GHz without modulation, and 42.19 GHz with a 200-MHz frequency modulation band. RF EMF without frequency modulation decreased glycoprotein macromolecules and reduced inflammatory exudation and total collagen accumulation. RF EMF with frequency modulation significantly elevated hexoses and sialic acid concentrations, indicating intensified exudative phenomena, and increased collagenous protein accumulation. The authors concluded that non-thermal EMF affects reparative-proliferative processes in soft tissue wounds.
