Hou Q, Wang M, Wu S, Ma X, An G, Liu H, Xie F. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse cells to 1800-MHz cell phone radiation at levels similar to what phones emit during calls (2 W/kg SAR). They found that even intermittent exposure for just one hour significantly increased harmful reactive oxygen species and caused more cells to die through a process called apoptosis. This demonstrates that cell phone radiation can trigger cellular stress and damage at exposure levels considered safe by current regulations.
Rauš Balind S, Selaković V, Radenović L, Prolić Z, Janać B · 2014
Researchers exposed gerbils to power line frequency magnetic fields after stroke-like brain damage. The magnetic field exposure helped reduce brain oxidative stress caused by the stroke, with stress levels returning nearly to normal by day 14, suggesting potential protective effects against brain injury.
Saha S et al · 2014
X-ray exposure significantly increased DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in the embryonic neuronal stem cell compartment, with a linear dose response. DSB repair was delayed at doses below 50 mGy compared to 100 mGy. No significant induction of DSBs or apoptosis was observed after magnetic field exposure.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Türedi S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy, then examined the hearts of male rat pups on postnatal day 21. The mean electrical field intensity inside the exposure box was 13.77 V/m. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase values were significantly higher, while glutathione values were lower. Microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers, apoptotic changes, mitochondrial swelling and crista loss, myofibril degeneration, and structural impairments in Z bands.
Rauš Balind S, Selaković V, Radenović L, Prolić Z, Janać B. · 2014
Researchers studied whether an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF, 50 Hz, 0.5 mT) affects oxidative stress in the brains of gerbils submitted to 10-min global cerebral ischemia. After occlusion of both carotid arteries, 3-month-old gerbils were continuously exposed to ELF-MF for 7 days, and oxidative stress markers were measured in the forebrain cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Ischemic gerbils exposed to ELF-MF showed increased oxidative stress on the 7th day after reperfusion, but to a lesser extent than ischemic or ELF-MF-exposed animals alone, and by the 14th day their oxidative stress parameters were mostly at control levels. The results indicate a beneficial effect of ELF-MF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) in the model of global cerebral ischemia.
Dasdag S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 12 months to study effects on microRNA in brain tissue. The study found that rno-miR107 was decreased in exposed rats, while rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106b-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p were not altered.
Margaritis LH et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed newly emerged flies daily for 3-7 days to various EMF sources including mobile phone, DECT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and others. All EMF sources produced statistically significant effects on fecundity and apoptotic cell death, even at very low intensity levels such as 0.3 V/m from Bluetooth. The study found no linear cumulative effect when increasing exposure duration or combining sources, and discussed the role of average versus peak electric field values.
Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. · 2014
Researchers studied oxidative damage and the protective effect of garlic in rats exposed to low-level electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Groups II and III were exposed to low-level EMF at 3.68 ± 0.36 V/m at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days, with Group III also receiving 500 mg/kg garlic daily. Exposure increased 8-OHdG levels in both plasma and brain tissue and increased AOPP levels only in plasma, while garlic prevented the increase of 8-OHdG in brain tissue and AOPP in plasma.
Hatice Ş. Gürler et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over 30 days and measured damage to DNA and proteins in their brains. The radiation caused significant DNA damage in both brain tissue and blood, while also increasing harmful protein changes in the blood. Interestingly, rats given garlic supplements showed protection against these damaging effects.
Zuo H et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed neural cells to microwave radiation at 2.856 GHz for 5 minutes and found that the radiation triggered cell death (apoptosis) by disrupting a key protective protein called RKIP. When RKIP levels dropped after radiation exposure, it activated harmful cellular pathways that led to DNA fragmentation and neural cell death. This study identifies a specific biological mechanism by which microwave radiation can damage brain cells.
Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Li N. · 2014
Researchers exposed 20 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats to 100 μT/50 Hz ELF-EMF or sham exposure for 12 weeks. The Morris water maze test showed no cognitive or memory impairment in the exposed rats compared to sham-exposed rats. Body weight, Aβ levels, and neuron morphology showed no significant changes between groups.
Hinrikus H, Lass J, Karai D, Pilt K, Bachmann M. · 2014
Researchers tested whether microwave radiation could affect how a salt solution diffuses through water at constant temperature. The setup used two reservoirs, one filled with pure water and one with 0.9% NaCl solution, connected by a thin tube, with a 450 MHz continuous-wave microwave field applied at a maximal specific absorption rate of 0.4 W/kg on the connecting tube. Microwave exposure made the diffusion process faster, with the time required for a 10% reduction in initial resistance of the solution being 1.7 times shorter with microwave exposure.
Choi YK, Lee DH, Seo YK, Jung H, Park JK, Cho H. · 2014
Researchers used PEG-phospholipid encapsulated magnetite nanoparticles on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to improve intracellular uptake. Cell viability and intracellular iron content were measured after nanoparticle treatment. RT-PCR and immunohistological analysis with neural cell type-specific genes and antibodies were performed after electromagnetic field exposure. The results suggested that electromagnetic fields enhance neural differentiation in these cells and would be an effective method for differentiating neural cells.
Cetin H et al. · 2014
Researchers divided thirty-two rats and their offspring into three groups: a control group, a 900 MHz group, and an 1800 MHz group, with the two exposed groups receiving electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes per day during pregnancy and neonatal development. Brain and liver glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as liver vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations, decreased in the exposed groups. Brain iron, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations increased in the exposed groups, and by the sixth week, selenium concentrations in the brain decreased in the exposed groups. There were no statistically significant differences in glutathione, vitamin E, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc concentrations between the three groups.
Sefidbakht Y et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed HEK293T cells carrying a firefly luciferase gene to 940 MHz RF-EMF at a mean specific absorption rate of approximately 0.09 W kg-1. The effects of exposure durations of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes on luciferase activity and oxidative response elements were investigated. Luciferase activity was reduced after 30 and 45 minutes of continuous exposure, while after 60 minutes the exposed cells showed higher luciferase activity compared with non-exposed controls. ROS generation was highest in the 30-minute exposed cells, followed by a sharp rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and elevation of glutathione during the 45-minute exposure.
Cetin H et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to cell phone radiation (900 and 1800 MHz) daily and found it reduced protective antioxidants in the brain and liver while increasing harmful iron levels. This suggests cell phone radiation may damage developing brains during pregnancy and early development.
Lee SK et al · 2014
The energy generated by an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is too weak to directly induce genotoxicity. However, it is reported that an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) is related to DNA strand breakage and apoptosis. The testes that conduct spermatogenesis through a dynamic cellular process involving meiosis and mitosis seem vulnerable to external stress such as heat, MF exposure, and chemical or physical agents. According to the ICNIRP 2010 guideline, epidemiologic studies have not consistently shown an association between human adverse reproductive outcomes and maternal or paternal exposure to low frequency fields. In animal studies there is no compelling evidence of a causal relationship between prenatal development and ELF-MF exposure.
Lee SK et al · 2014
This 2014 review examined how extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) from power lines and appliances may trigger sperm cell death in testes. While the energy is too weak to directly damage DNA, researchers found increasing evidence that ELF-MF exposure can cause programmed cell death in developing sperm cells. The review proposes potential biological mechanisms for this reproductive effect.
Wang H et al. · 2014
Eighty Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.856 GHz pulsed microwave source at power densities of 0 mW/cm2 and 50 mW/cm2 for 6 minutes, and then observed at multiple time points up to 18 months after exposure. The microwave-exposed rats showed consistent deficiencies in spatial learning and memory. The level of amino acid neurotransmitters decreased after microwave radiation, and the ratio of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid significantly decreased at 6 months. The hippocampus showed varying degrees of degeneration of neurons, and NR1 and NR2B expression showed a significant decrease, especially NR2B expression.
Wang H et al. · 2014
Chinese researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at levels similar to some wireless devices and tracked their brain function for 18 months. The exposed rats showed persistent problems with spatial learning and memory, along with damage to brain structures and disrupted brain chemistry. This suggests that microwave exposure can cause lasting cognitive impairment through multiple biological mechanisms.
Unknown authors · 2014
Human bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 1 mT for 8 days. The hBM-MSC derived neurons were then analyzed by immunofluorescence and quantitative RT-PCR. Researchers analyzed the transcriptome of neuronal cells after an 8-day ELF-EMF exposure (50 Hz, 1 mT) and compared the transcriptional profiles to control cells. Early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) is one of the key transcription factors in ELF-EMF-induced neuronal differentiation. Transplantations of ELF-EMF-induced neurons significantly alleviate symptoms in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed human bone marrow stem cells to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) and found these fields triggered the cells to transform into neurons. The key discovery was that a specific protein called Egr1 controls this transformation process. When these EMF-induced neurons were transplanted into mice with brain diseases, the animals showed significant improvement.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed human bone marrow stem cells to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) at 1 milliTesla for 8 days and found the fields triggered the cells to develop into neurons. The study identified a specific protein called Egr1 that controls this transformation, and showed that transplanting these EMF-created neurons helped reduce symptoms in mice with neurodegenerative diseases.
Akbari A, Jelodar G, Nazifi S · 2014
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to radiofrequency waves generated by a base transceiver station antenna model and measured oxidative stress markers in the cerebellum and encephalon. Antioxidant enzymes measured included glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, along with malondialdehyde (MDA). Exposure to radiofrequency waves decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups. Vitamin C supplementation improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced MDA in the group that also received radiofrequency wave exposure.
