Aydogan F et al. · 2014
Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as control groups for 10 days and 40 days with six rats each, while groups C and D were exposure groups with nine rats each. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 10 or 40 days. Exposure groups showed numerous histopathological changes in the parotid gland, with more prominent changes after 40 days compared to 10 days.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to a 50 Hz, 10 G extremely low-frequency magnetic field for 8 hours per day across periods of up to 120 days. Anxiety was measured using an elevated plus maze, open field test, and social interaction test, on the 7th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th exposure day, respectively. The findings suggest that the magnetic field significantly induced anxiety behavior and that the NMDA receptor was involved in its effect. Glutamate and GABA levels were significantly elevated in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, though GABA receptor modulators did not produce a significant effect on the induced anxiety.
Roivainen P, Eskelinen T, Jokela K, Juutilainen J · 2014
Researchers measured intermediate frequency and extremely low frequency magnetic fields at cashiers' seats in Finnish stores. At the cashier's seat, IF magnetic fields ranged from 0.2 to 4 µT and ELF magnetic fields ranged from 0.03 to 4.5 µT, both well below exposure limits. However, when cashiers walked through EAS gates, peak IF fields reached up to 189 µT, exceeding the ICNIRP occupational reference level of 141 µT.
Jung IS, Kim HJ, Noh R, Kim SC, Kim CW. · 2014
Researchers investigated how extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect nerve-growth-factor-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells using proteomic methods. After 5 days of exposure at 50 Hz and 1 mT, neurite length and the number of neurite-bearing cells increased, while proliferation activity decreased. Six proteins were found to be differentially expressed between exposed and unexposed NGF-treated cells, including peripherin, VGF8a, HSP72-psI, LMW-PTP/ACP1, TUBA1A, and OPA1L.
Adibzadeh F et al. · 2014
Researchers performed detailed dosimetric simulations for 20 head models to quantify how head morphology affects RF dose in different brain regions. The variation in averaged SAR among heads reached up to 16.4 dB in a 1 cm³ brain cube using the field-sensor method and up to 15.8 dB in the medulla using the Talairach method. Head models were exposed to generic mobile phone fields at 835 and 1900 MHz in tilted and cheek positions. The authors concluded that head morphology is an important uncertainty source and that dosimetric analyses for specific brain regions should use real morphology.
Koyama S et al. · 2014
Researchers examined the effect of 2.45-GHz radiofrequency fields at SARs of 2 and 10 W/kg for 4 and 24 hours on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis in differentiated human HL-60 cells. Neutrophil chemotaxis was not affected by radiofrequency field exposure, and phagocytosis was not affected either compared with sham exposure conditions. Exposure at an SAR under 10 W/kg showed very little or no effects on either chemotaxis or phagocytosis.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to a 2mT, 50 Hz magnetic field for 3 h. Proteomics analysis using 2D electrophoresis and bioinformatics showed that expression of 189 proteins changed in exposed cells relative to control. PCA analysis confirmed that protein data clustered according to experimental conditions.
Isaac Aleman E et al · 2014
Researchers investigated the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on net photosynthesis, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment concentration, and RBCS1 gene expression during in vitro establishment, in vitro multiplication and acclimatization phases of coffee seedlings. Treated plants were exposed to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 2 mT for 3 minutes while untreated plants served as controls. Magnetically treated plants showed significant increases in net photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigment concentration across phases, along with differential RBCS1 gene expression and decreased transpiration rates.
Seifirad S et al. · 2014
Single exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation and also increased antioxidant serum activity, including HDL, paraoxonase activity, and serum total antioxidant capacity. Chronic exposure increased lipid peroxidation, affected the antioxidant system, and led to irreversible changes, while acute exposure tended toward reversible alterations. The researchers noted that antioxidant capability was dependent on the duration and continuity of ELF-MF exposure.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Japanese researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals) for 20 hours daily across three generations to see if it affected brain development and behavior. They found no abnormalities in brain function, behavior, or general health in any generation of rats, even with continuous exposure from pregnancy through adulthood. The study suggests that this type of cell phone radiation at these exposure levels does not cause harmful effects that pass from parents to offspring.
Geronikolou S et al. · 2014
Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.
Yoon HE, Lee JS, Myung SH, Lee YS · 2014
Researchers exposed human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells and human lung epithelial L132 cells to a 60-Hz magnetic field at 2 mT for 6 hours. The 2 mT exposure increased γ-H2AX expression and foci production, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. A 1 mT exposure did not produce this effect. The 2 mT field enhanced the DNA damage marker when combined with ionizing radiation but not with hydrogen peroxide.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers used multiple imputation and propensity score matching on a cohort of 140,356 singleton live births in Northwest England to address missing data and residual confounding. For each of five imputed datasets, 115 exposed women living within 50 meters of an ELF-EMF source were matched to 1150 unexposed women. After doubly robust adjustment, close proximity to an ELF-EMF source was associated with a 116 g reduction in birth weight (95% CI: -224 to -7 g), while no effect was seen for proximity within 100 meters.
Dimitrijević D, Savić T, Anđelković M, Prolić Z, Janać B. · 2014
Researchers exposed Drosophila subobscura at different developmental stages to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) for 48 hours. The magnetic field shortened developmental time and increased viability, while sex ratio was unaffected. Regardless of which developmental stage was exposed, the magnetic field significantly decreased locomotor activity in adult flies. When just-eclosed adults were exposed, the observed reduction in locomotor activity lasted longer than in other exposure groups.
Dimitrijević D, Savić T, Anđelković M, Prolić Z, Janać B. · 2014
Researchers exposed fruit flies to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) at 0.5 milliTesla for 48 hours and tracked their development and behavior. The magnetic field exposure shortened development time, increased survival rates, but significantly reduced the flies' movement and activity levels. This study demonstrates that extremely low frequency magnetic fields can alter both biological development and nervous system function in living organisms.
Murbach et al. · 2014
Researchers evaluated three hypotheses about how radiofrequency exposure could affect EEG by using numerical simulations and experimental assessments with phantoms and anatomical human models. They found that induced fields cause less than a 20% increase in 10 g-averaged SAR, that worst-case electrode placement raises skin temperature by at most 0.31 °C and brain temperature by less than 0.1 °C, and that temperature ripples from RF pulses are below 0.001 °C for GSM-like signals and below 0.004 °C for higher pulse energy. These local short-term temperature elevations are unlikely to change brain physiology during the time period from minutes to several hours after exposure. Thus, the mechanism of interaction between RF and changes in the EEG power spectrum remains unknown.
Unknown authors · 2014
Shafiei SA, Firoozabadi SM, Tabatabaie KR, Ghabaee M. · 2014
Researchers investigated how extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) applied to different parts of the brain changed EEG power spectrum readings. EEG relative power spectrum was evaluated at several brain points when exposed to magnetic fields at 45, 17, 10, 5, and 3 Hz frequencies, at intensities of 0, 100, 240, or 360 μT across four sessions. Significant changes were observed in different EEG bands, and some exposures decreased the alpha band in frontal and central areas in the closed-eyes state.
Huang CY et al · 2014
Researchers tested whether 1.5 mT, 60 Hz ELF-EMFs affect primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes as they did HaCaT cells in a prior study. ELF-EMFs exerted no effects on cell growth, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, or ATM signaling pathway activation in NHEK cells. The two epidermal keratinocyte types responded differently to ELF-EMFs, confirming cell type-specific biological effects.
Grant DN et al · 2014
The study investigated the effects of ELF-EMFs on acellular tissue constructs with and without gold nanoparticles. Researchers conjugated 20 nm and 100 nm gold nanoparticles to acellular porcine tissue, seeded L929 murine fibroblasts, and exposed them to a continuous 12 gauss, 60 Hz field for two hours daily up to ten days. Scanning electron microscopy and cell culture assays were used to assess cell proliferation and viability. ELF-EMF stimulation significantly increased cell proliferation. The presence of gold nanoparticles did not boost the stimulatory effect but they demonstrated higher proliferation rates from day 3 to day 10, and unstimulated 100 nm gold nanoparticle constructs had significantly higher proliferation than unstimulated crosslinked constructs.
Afrasiabi A et al. · 2014
Researchers prepared synaptosome suspensions from the cerebral cortex of sheep brain and exposed them to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). The exposures tested frequencies from 50 Hz to 230 Hz, flux intensities from 0.1 mT to 1.7 mT, and durations between 15 and 120 min. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured by the Ellman method, and the data were analyzed using neural network based software, Inform 4.02, to predict activity patterns through nine 3D curves. AChE activity was found to decrease at field intensities of 1.2 mT to 1.7 mT and frequencies of 50 Hz to 90 Hz.
Alcaraz M, Olmos E, Alcaraz-Saura M, Achel DG, Castillo J. · 2014
Researchers exposed mice to a 50 Hz ELM-MF for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d and measured the increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte in bone marrow. ELF-EMF exposure increased micronucleated cells more than control but less than X-rays. Antioxidant substances tested did not reduce the genotoxic effect of the ELM-MF, although they reduced damage from ionizing radiation.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to mobile phone radiation at typical usage levels for four weeks, then examined brain tissue for signs of cell death (apoptosis). They found significantly increased levels of proteins that control cell death in the exposed rats compared to unexposed controls. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may trigger cellular stress responses in brain tissue at exposure levels similar to everyday phone use.
Unknown authors · 2014
