Lai H, Carino MA, Singh NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz pulsed radiofrequency radiation at a power density of 2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours and then measured DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. The RFR exposure significantly increased DNA double strand breaks in rat brain cells, and the effect was partially blocked by naltrexone treatment. The researchers concluded that endogenous opioids play a mediating role in RFR-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP, · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours and found it caused DNA double strand breaks in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, it partially prevented this DNA damage. This suggests the body's own opioid system plays a role in how microwave radiation damages DNA in brain cells.
Unknown authors · 1997
Researchers reviewed studies on leukaemia risk among people living near high voltage transmission lines of 49 kV and above. They calculated combined risks for distances of 50 meters and 25 meters and for magnetic field exposures at 2, 3, 4, and 10 milligauss. The combined analysis showed an odds ratio of 1.3 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.0 to 1.7 for exposures of 2 milligauss or higher. Odds ratios increased at higher exposures of 3, 4, and 10 milligauss, and risks were also elevated at distances of 50 and 25 meters from the lines.
Ryan KL, Walters TJ, Tehrany MR, Lovelace JD, Jauchem JR · 1997
Researchers exposed three age groups of calorically restricted rats to 35 GHz microwaves until death while measuring temperature, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. Before exposure, the age groups showed no significant differences in measured parameters. Microwave heating increased temperatures at all measured sites, but temperatures at death did not differ between age groups. Heart rate increased throughout exposure in a statistically identical manner across all age groups, and mean arterial pressure was initially well maintained before precipitously declining until death with no age-related difference. Respiration rate was not altered by microwave exposure in any group, and the exposure time required to induce death did not differ among age groups.
Mason PA et al. · 1997
Researchers measured extracellular amino acid concentrations in the hypothalamus and caudate nucleus of rats using in vivo microdialysis before and during exposure to RFR. Rats were exposed to 5.02 GHz radiation (10 microseconds pulse width, 1000 pulses/s) for 40 minutes while brain temperatures were maintained at approximately 41.2 and 41.7 degrees C. Aspartic acid, serine, and glycine concentrations increased significantly in both regions during exposure. Glutamic acid and glutamine changes were not statistically significant.
Pu, JS, Chen, J, Yang, YH, Bai, YQ · 1997
French PW, Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, · 1997
Researchers exposed a human astrocytoma cell line, U-87 MG, to 835 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 20 min, 3 times per day for 7 days, at power densities of either 40 ± 15 mW cm−2 or 8.1 ± 3 mW cm−2. At the lower power density, the rate of DNA synthesis decreased and the cells flattened and spread out compared to unexposed cultures. At 40 mW cm−2 there were no effects on cell proliferation, but changes in cell shape included increased spreading and the appearance of actin-containing blebs on the membrane.
Lai, H, Carino, MA, Singh, NP · 1997
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (similar to WiFi frequencies) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. When they gave the rats naltrexone, a drug that blocks the body's natural opioids, the DNA damage was partially prevented. This suggests that microwave radiation triggers the release of natural opioids in the brain, which then contributes to genetic damage.
Nakamura et al. · 1997
Scientists exposed pregnant and non-pregnant rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz for 90 minutes. Pregnant rats showed weakened immune systems and hormonal changes that didn't occur in non-pregnant rats, suggesting pregnancy increases vulnerability to wireless radiation from everyday devices.
Maes A, Collier M, Van Gorp U, Vandoninck S, Verschaeve L · 1997
Researchers exposed cells to 935.2 MHz microwaves alone and in combination with mitomycin C and found no direct cytogenetic effect. Combined exposure to microwaves followed by mitomycin C produced a very weak effect compared to mitomycin C alone.
Malyapa RS et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts and human glioblastoma U87MG cells to FMCW (835.62 MHz) and CDMA (847.74 MHz) radiation at 0.6 W/kg SAR for up to 24 hours. They used the alkaline comet assay to measure DNA damage. No significant differences were found between exposed cells and sham controls.
Antonopoulos A, Eisenbrandt H, Obe G, · 1997
Human peripheral lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of high-frequency electromagnetic fields of 380, 900 and 1800 MHz. The measured endpoints were cell cycle progression and the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges. No differences between treated and control cultures could be found.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers investigated single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Rats received acute 2-hour exposure to pulsed or continuous-wave 2450-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, producing a whole-body average-specific absorption rate of 1.2 W/kg. An increase in both types of DNA strand breaks was observed after exposure to either the pulsed or continuous-wave radiation, with no significant difference between the two forms.
Lai H, Singh NP · 1996
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for two hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells four hours later. The study suggests RF radiation at these levels can break genetic material in brain cells, potentially affecting cellular repair mechanisms.
Irnich W, Batz L, Muller R, Tobisch R · 1996
Maes A, Collier M, Slaets D, Verschaeve L. · 1996
Researchers exposed whole blood samples to a 954 MHz GSM base station antenna and then cultured lymphocytes with mitomycin C. They measured sister chromatid exchange frequencies in metaphase figures.
Unknown authors · 1996
The study investigated the combined effects of 954 MHz microwaves and the DNA damaging agent mitomycin C. Whole blood samples were exposed in vitro to a 954 MHz emitting antenna from a GSM base station. Lymphocytes were then cultivated in the presence of mitomycin C. A highly reproducible synergistic effect was observed in sister chromatid exchange frequencies in metaphase figures.
Unknown authors · 1996
Rats were trained in ten daily sessions on a 12-arm radial maze to assess spatial memory. Exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field at 0.75 mT for 45 minutes before each session significantly retarded learning.
Unknown authors · 1996
Researchers at the University of Washington exposed rats to 60 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) for 45 minutes before each training session in a maze test. The magnetic field exposure significantly impaired the rats' ability to learn spatial navigation tasks. When researchers gave the rats a drug that boosts brain chemicals called cholinergics, it reversed the learning problems caused by the magnetic field.
Unknown authors · 1996
Researchers exposed rats to 60 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as household electricity) for 45 minutes before training sessions in a spatial memory test. The magnetic field exposure significantly impaired the rats' ability to learn and navigate a maze. When researchers gave the rats a drug that boosts brain chemicals called cholinergic systems, it reversed the learning problems caused by the magnetic field.
Unknown authors · 1996
Researchers exposed human melanoma MeWo cells to a 50-Hz, 400-mT extremely low frequency magnetic field and measured mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene. The mutant frequency increased with longer exposure periods and higher induced current intensities. Mutations induced by X-rays were enhanced by the magnetic field exposure. No significant increase in mutant frequency occurred when DNA replication was inhibited during exposure.
Bawin SM, Satmary WM, Jones RA, Adey WR, Zimmerman G. · 1996
Researchers used rat hippocampal slices to study how extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields affect rhythmic slow activity (RSA), a brain rhythm associated with memory functions. Slices were exposed for 10-minute epochs to 1 or 60 Hz magnetic fields at intensities of 5.6, 56, or 560 μT, or were sham exposed. 1 Hz fields at 56 and 560 μT, but not at 5.6 μT, triggered irreversible destabilization of RSA intervals, while 60 Hz fields showed similar but not statistically significant trends. The field effects on RSA did not occur when nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was pharmacologically inhibited.
Cleary, SF, Du, Z, Cao, G, Liu, LM, McCrady, C · 1996
Researchers investigated the effects of RF radiation exposure on interleukin 2 (IL-2) -dependent proliferation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLL-2). At specific absorption rates greater than 25 W/kg, exposure produced a consistent, statistically significant reduction in CTLL-2 proliferation, especially at low IL-2 concentrations. At lower SARs, 2450 MHz exposure increased CTLL-2 proliferation immediately after exposure but reduced 24 h postexposure proliferation. The researchers found significant qualitative and quantitative differences between the effects of temperature elevation and RF radiation.
Wolke S, Neibig U, Elsner R, Gollnick F, Meyer R, · 1996
Unknown authors · 1996
Researchers transfected HeLa cells with plasmids containing c-fos upstream regulating regions up to -700 base pairs linked to a CAT reporter gene. The cells were exposed to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field at 60 mGrms. CAT expression increased above control levels after 5 minutes of exposure, peaked at 20 minutes, and returned to basal levels after 40 minutes. Deletion analysis identified a responsive region of 138 base pairs from -363 to -225 containing SRE/AP-1 sites.
