Research on EMF throughout the home - electrical wiring, smart home hubs, and WiFi coverage.
Your home should be your sanctuary - the place where you rest, recharge, and spend more time than anywhere else. Yet the reality is that modern homes have become dense EMF environments, with multiple sources operating simultaneously throughout your living space. From the electrical wiring behind your walls to the WiFi router broadcasting 24/7, from smart meters collecting usage data to the web of power lines feeding your neighborhood, these sources create what researchers call a "cumulative exposure environment.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed human breast and leukemia cells to 60 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) for 24 hours to see if it changed cancer-related gene activity. While some genes showed temporary changes, no consistent pattern emerged across repeated experiments, suggesting 60 Hz fields don't systematically alter cancer gene expression in these cell types.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers attempted to replicate earlier findings by testing whether a 1.5-G 50-Hz magnetic field alters intracellular free calcium in Jurkat lymphocyte T-cells. Cells were randomly assigned to magnetic field, sham field, or no-field exposures for 8 minutes each in a blinded design. The percentage of cells showing calcium transients was 16.5% for magnetic field, 14.6% for sham, and 14.2% for no field, with no statistically significant differences among them. The authors concluded that their methods did not identify responsive cells, if such cells exist, and that the results do not rule out a magnetic field effect on calcium.
Unknown authors · 2000
Daudi cells were exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields for 20, 40 or 60 min at flux densities of 12.5, 50, 100 or 500 microT. Exposures included sham/sham, exposed/sham or sham/exposed conditions with blinding, and 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment was used as a positive control. Human MYC expression was measured by northern blot hybridization as an indicator of the responsiveness of Daudi cells to experimental conditions, and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) expression was measured simultaneously as an internal control. Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields did not significantly alter MYC expression in Daudi cells under any exposure condition.
Grant FH, Schlegel RE, · 2000
Researchers evaluated 20 pacemaker-phone combinations involving 6 pacemakers and 9 phones in vitro under worst-case conditions. The phones represented CDMA, TDMA-11 Hz, TDMA-22 Hz, TDMA-50 Hz, and TDMA-217 Hz digital wireless technologies. Small increases in the perpendicular air gap between the phone and the saline surface resulted in a dramatic reduction in interaction, with approximately half of the 208 test runs showing interaction at 1 cm no longer interacting at 2 cm. At a gap of 7.4 cm the percentage of runs with interaction decreased to 1.4%, and the overall interaction rate was less than 0.07% at a perpendicular distance of 8.6 cm.
Jauchem JR, Ryan KL, Freidagger MR · 2000
Ketamine-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1 GHz, 10 GHz, or combined 1 and 10 GHz microwaves at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 12 W/kg. Exposures were conducted in E and H orientations under far-field conditions until lethal temperatures were reached. Survival time was shortest at 1 GHz, intermediate for combined frequencies, and longest at 10 GHz, with most differences statistically significant. Temperature values at most sites for combined exposure fell between those of the single-frequency groups. Arterial blood pressure initially increased then decreased until death, heart rate increased throughout, and patterns were similar across all groups.
Unknown authors · 2000
Ivanova VIu, Martynova OV, Aleinik SV, Limarenko AV. · 2000
Researchers studied the effect of modulated electromagnetic fields on brainwave activity in awake cats by recording electroencephalograms from the skin surface in the vertex area using carbon electrodes. In normal cats, brainwave components above 20 Hz predominated, but during electromagnetic field exposure at 980 MHz and a power density of 30–50 microW/cm2, components in the 12–18 Hz range began to prevail instead. A similar redistribution of brainwave power was also seen with acoustic stimulation, and the researchers suggested a common neurophysiological mechanism underlying both effects.
Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2000
Researchers studied the activity of alkaline phosphatase during exposure to pulse-modulated microwave radiation. The carrier frequency was 2375 MHz with modulation pulse rates of 10-390 Hz, on-off time ratio 2, and specific absorption rates of 8 and 0.8 microW/cm2. At a modulation frequency of 70 Hz, alkaline phosphatase activity increased 1.8-2.0 times. Exposure times were 1 and 3 minutes under continuous temperature control.
Gapeev AB, Chemeris NK · 2000
Researchers used a mathematical model to analyze how modulated extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation affects intracellular calcium concentration in neutrophils. The model showed that the calcium rise depends on both the frequency and phase of the modulating signal relative to chemical stimulation. A rise above 50% of the initial calcium level occurred at about 1 Hz and phase range 0.3-2.5 radians, but only when modulating signal intensity exceeded a threshold and chemical stimulus intensity was high. Added noise changed the phase-frequency characteristics and created multiple response bands with higher Q-factors. The model results matched earlier experimental data showing effects only with extracellular calcium and high calcium ionophore A23187 concentrations.
Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H · 2000
The influence of pulsed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields of digital GSM mobile phones on working memory in healthy subjects were studied. Memory load was varied from 0 to 3 items in an n-back task, and each subject was tested twice with and without RF exposure at 902 MHz and 217 Hz. The RF field speeded up response times when the memory load was three items, but no effects were observed with lower loads. The results suggest that RF fields have a measurable effect on human cognitive performance and encourage further studies.
Nakamura H, Nagase H, Ogino K, Hatta K, Matsuzaki I · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to continuous-wave microwaves at 2 mW/cm² and 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured uteroplacental blood flow and hormone levels. Colonic temperature did not change significantly in either virgin or pregnant rats. Microwave exposure decreased uteroplacental blood flow and increased progesterone and PGF2α in pregnant rats but not in virgin rats. Pretreatment with angiotensin II prevented these changes in pregnant rats. Corticosterone increased and estradiol decreased during exposure regardless of pregnancy status or angiotensin II pretreatment.
Yoshikawa T et al. · 2000
Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML · 2000
Human peripheral blood samples from three volunteers were exposed to pulsed-wave 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours. The exposure used a net forward power of 21 W with an average power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a mean specific absorption rate of 2.135 W/kg. DNA damage was measured using the alkaline comet assay immediately and 4 hours after exposure. No significant differences were found in comet tail length, fluorescence intensity, or tail moment between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes at either time point. The response of lymphocytes exposed to ionizing radiation was significantly different from RF-radiation- and sham-exposed cells.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed mouse m5S cells to power-line frequency magnetic fields at flux densities of 5, 50, and 400 mT for 40 hours. Cells were either untreated or pretreated with mitomycin C or X-rays before exposure. Exposure to 400 mT fields significantly increased chromosomal aberration frequency compared to unexposed controls. The induced aberrations were predominantly chromatid-type, with a three-fold increase at 400 mT. ELFMF exposure also deepened S or G2 arrest after DNA damage.
Preece et al. · 1999
Thirty-six participants completed a randomized three-way crossover study with two training sessions and three test sessions. The only cognitive measure that changed was choice reaction time, which became faster, while word, number, picture recall and spatial memory were unchanged.
Borbely et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed healthy young subjects during an entire night-time sleep episode to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field at a maximum specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg. The exposure schedule consisted of alternating 15-min on-15-min off intervals. Compared with a control night with sham exposure, the amount of waking after sleep onset was reduced from 18 to 12 min, and EEG spectral power in non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased. The researchers concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF in the range of radiotelephones may promote sleep and modify the sleep EEG.
Unknown authors · 1999
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 399 children with leukemia and 399 controls across five Canadian provinces from 1990 to 1994. Exposure assessment included 48-hour personal EMF measurement, wire coding, residential magnetic field measurements from conception to diagnosis, and 24-hour bedroom magnetic field measurement. Personal magnetic fields were not related to risk of leukemia (adjusted OR = 0.95, p for trend = 0.73) or acute lymphatic leukemia (OR = 0.93, p for trend = 0.64). No clear associations were found with predicted magnetic field exposure two years before diagnosis, over the lifetime, or with personal electric field exposure.
Velizarov, S, Raskmark, P, Kwee, S, · 1999
Researchers exposed cell cultures to a GSM 960 MHz field in a TEM cell at 39°C and 35°C. Exposed cells showed a significant change in proliferation compared to non-exposed controls at both temperatures. Sham-exposed cells showed no significant change in proliferation at either temperature.
Unknown authors · 1999
Unknown authors · 1999
Researchers studied 142 male electric utility workers in Colorado to see how 60 Hz magnetic fields affect melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. Workers exposed to temporally stable magnetic fields had reduced levels of melatonin metabolites in their urine, but only when they also had low light exposure at work. This suggests that power line frequency magnetic fields can disrupt the body's natural hormone production.
Unknown authors · 1999
HSP70 gene expression is induced by 60-Hz electromagnetic fields. Earlier work showed magnetic field induction occurs at the transcription level through c-myc binding at two nCTCTn sequences at -230 and -160. This study identified a third c-myc binding site between -158 and -162 that regulates magnetic field-induced HSP70 expression. The heat shock element between -180 and -203 is required for magnetic field induction, while the HSE at -100 alone is insufficient.
Unknown authors · 1999
Researchers modeled and measured how 222Rn decay product aerosols behave in the 50 Hz electric field under high voltage power lines to assess increased exposure to airborne pollutants. The model predicted a two- to three-fold increase in aerosol deposition on spherical surfaces mimicking the human head. Experimental measurements using detectors on grounded metal spheres confirmed enhanced deposition of both 218Po and 214Po aerosols. Enhanced 218Po deposition on 400 kV lines ranged from 1.96 to 2.86 times, while 214Po deposition on 275 kV and 132 kV lines was 1.43 and 1.11 times, with the latter not significant.
Unknown authors · 1999
University of Bristol researchers found that high voltage power lines create electric fields that dramatically increase the deposition of airborne pollutants on human skin. Using radioactive marker particles, they measured 2-3 times more pollutant particles depositing on surfaces under 400 kV power lines compared to areas away from the lines. This means people living or working near power lines face significantly higher exposure to whatever air pollution is present.
Unknown authors · 1999
Researchers exposed HL-60 cells to a sinusoidal 0.1 or 1 mT magnetic field at 60 Hz for 2 hours and then pulse-labeled them with radioactive isotopes. In control cultures without magnetic field exposure, the cognate form of stress protein 72c was faintly observed, and 0.1 mT exposure did not alter stress protein metabolism compared to controls. At 1 mT, the inducible form of stress protein 70i was synthesized, stress protein 90 was phosphorylated but not synthesized, and stress protein 27 isoforms a and b were induced. Statistical analysis of Western blot data confirmed a significant increase in stress proteins 90 and 27a after 1 mT exposure.
Fesenko, EE, Makar, VR, Novoselova, EG, Sadovnikov, VB, · 1999
Researchers exposed male NMRI mice to whole body microwave irradiation at 8.15-18 GHz and a power density of 1 microW/cm2 and measured tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in immune cells. Shorter exposures ranging from 5 hours to 3 days significantly enhanced TNF production in peritoneal macrophages and splenic T lymphocytes. Chronic irradiation for 7 days decreased TNF production in peritoneal macrophages. Microwave treatment increased endogenously produced TNF more effectively than lipopolysaccharide, described as one of the most potent stimuli of this cytokine.