Koca O, Gokce AM, Akyuz M, Ercan F, Yurdakul N, Karaman MI. · 2014
Twenty-one adult male albino rats were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 was exposed to electromagnetic waves for 8 hours per day for 20 days, Group 2 received the same exposure followed by 20 days without exposure, and Group 3 was not exposed. Microscopic examination showed severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria and muscle layer of the first group, mild infiltration in the second group, and mean inflammation scores of 5.5 ± 2.5, 0.8 ± 1.3, and 1.2 ± 1.5 for the three groups respectively, with group 1 significantly higher (p = 0.001).
Karaman MI et al. · 2014
Hashemipour MS, Yarbakht M, Gholamhosseinian A, Famori H. · 2014
Researchers collected stimulated salivary samples from both parotid glands of 86 healthy volunteers. They measured salivary flow rate and concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase, C-reactive protein, and immunoglobulin A. In participants who predominantly held phones on the right side, flow rate and protein concentration were significantly higher on the right side, while amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and peroxidase concentrations decreased. The authors noted that although mobile phone use influenced salivary composition, the relationship was not significant.
Geronikolou S et al. · 2014
Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.
Balakrishnan K et al. · 2014
The study aimed to measure serum HSP70, CRP, and hsp70 gene expression in frequent mobile phone users. The researchers enrolled 120 frequent users and 102 infrequent users as controls. Serum HSP70 and CRP were measured by ELISA and hsp70 gene expression by RT-PCR. Frequent users had significantly higher serum HSP70 and CRP concentrations and higher hsp70 gene expression than infrequent users. Serum HSP70 concentration was independent of exposure duration, whereas CRP increased with duration.
Azadi Oskouyi E et al. · 2014
In this study, 18 male rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group, and the experimental groups received simulated microwaves at 950 MHz with output power of 3 and 6 watts for 2 weeks, 2 h a day. The epithelial height and diameter of the epididymis decreased significantly in both the 3 watt and 6 watt groups, while testosterone level decreased significantly only in the 6 watt group. The rate of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the epididymis increased significantly only in the 6 watt group.
Aydogan F et al. · 2014
Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as control groups for 10 days and 40 days with six rats each, while groups C and D were exposure groups with nine rats each. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 10 or 40 days. Exposure groups showed numerous histopathological changes in the parotid gland, with more prominent changes after 40 days compared to 10 days.
Zhang X, Gao Y, Dong J, Wang S, Yao B, et al. · 2014
Researchers tested whether the compound Chinese medicine Kang Fu Ling could protect the heart from high power microwave injury. One hundred male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: no treatment, microwave radiation only, or radiation followed by Kang Fu Ling at 0.75, 1.5, or 3 g/kg/day. Microwave radiation lowered heart rate, caused a J point shift on ECG, and produced myocyte swelling, mitochondrial rupture, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with 1.5 g/kg/day Kang Fu Ling for seven days increased heart rate, reduced the J point shift, restored normal myocyte and mitochondrial structure, increased mitochondrial fluorescence, and reversed the microwave-induced decrease in Cx-43 and VDAC protein expression.
Tök L, Nazıroğlu M, Doğan S, Kahya MC, Tök O. · 2014
Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups, with one group exposed to Wi-Fi at 2.45 GHz for 60 minutes daily over 30 days and another group receiving melatonin during the same exposure. Lipid peroxidation was slightly higher in the Wi-Fi group than in controls, and glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in the Wi-Fi group. Melatonin supplementation significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and increased both glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione levels compared with the Wi-Fi group.
Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S. · 2014
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF radiation for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day for 30 consecutive days. Testes were analyzed using high-resolution 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Thirteen proteins were found only in sham or exposure groups, including heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin-1. The results suggest that 30-day EMF exposure induces nonthermal stress in testicular tissue.
Luo YP, Ma HR, Chen JW, Li JJ, Li CX. · 2014
Researchers randomly assigned 40 male SD rats to a normal control group, a model group, a Shuifei Jibin Capsule group, and an American Ginseng Capsule group, with 10 rats each. Rats in the model, SJC, and AGC groups were exposed to imitated 900 MHz cellular phone radiation for 4 h in 12 consecutive days, while the normal control group was not irradiated. Compared to the normal control, the model group showed hepatocyte nuclear atrophy, increased liver MDA and Nrf2 protein, and decreased SOD and GSH. In the SJC group, liver MDA and Nrf2 decreased and SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX increased; in the AGC group, MDA and Nrf2 decreased and SOD and GSH increased.
Hässig M et al. · 2014
The study aimed to observe the influence of non-ionizing radiation from base stations on redox protein activity in bovines. The experiment found that NIR changed enzyme activities, with certain enzymes disabled and others enabled. Individual cows showed varied reactions, with some reacting to NIR, others not reacting, or reacting inversely. The study approach of testing ten cows each ten times during three phases was deemed appropriate. The authors noted that future studies should set the post-exposure phase later.
Burlaka A et al. · 2014
Yi G, Wang J, Wei X, Deng B, Tsang KM, Chan WL, Han C. · 2014
The study used a conductance-based neuron model with ELF sinusoidal magnetic field as an additive voltage input. Neurons with distinct spiking patterns showed different response properties to magnetic field exposure. For tonic spiking neurons, perturbations were maximized at harmonics of intrinsic spiking frequency, while for burst spiking neurons they were maximized at harmonics of bursting frequency. Perturbations increased with magnetic field intensity, and bursting dynamics were less sensitive than tonic spiking to ELF magnetic field exposure. ELF magnetic field exposure was more likely to perturb spike times than spiking frequency.
Marchesi N et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on autophagy modulation in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Low-frequency EMF significantly reduced microRNA-30a expression and increased Beclin1 transcript and protein. Repeated low-frequency EMF treatments were tested against amyloid-beta peptide effects in vitro. The study demonstrates for the first time that specific low-frequency EMF treatments can modulate a microRNA sequence affecting autophagy via Beclin1.
Liu DD, Ren Z, Yang G, Zhao QR, Mei YA. · 2014
Researchers exposed rat cerebellar granule cells to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields for 60 minutes and measured sodium channel currents. ELF-EMF exposure significantly increased Nav current densities by 62.5 percent. Melatonin at 5 μM inhibited this ELF-EMF-induced increase in sodium currents. The protective effect of melatonin involved MT2 receptors and calcium release triggered by calcium influx.
Leone L et al. · 2014
The study used an in vitro model of hippocampal neural stem cells from newborn mice to examine effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. ELFEFs enhanced proliferation and neuronal differentiation of these neural stem cells through epigenetic regulation. Exposure increased expression of the pro-proliferative gene Hes1 and neuronal determination genes NeuroD1 and Neurogenin1. These changes were preceded by increased H3K9 acetylation and phosphorylated CREB binding to gene regulatory sequences. The epigenetic modifications were blocked by the Cav1-channel blocker nifedipine and linked to increased CBP occupancy at promoter loci.
Frilot C 2nd, Carrubba S, Marino AA. · 2014
EEPs and auditory evoked potentials were detected in awake rats and under xylazine anesthesia but not under ketamine anesthesia. The duration and latency of EEPs were unchanged by xylazine anesthesia. The authors concluded that EMF transduction likely involves NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate neurotransmission.
Choi YK, Lee DH, Seo YK, Jung H, Park JK, Cho H. · 2014
Researchers used PEG-phospholipid encapsulated magnetite nanoparticles on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to improve intracellular uptake. Cell viability and intracellular iron content were measured after nanoparticle treatment. RT-PCR and immunohistological analysis with neural cell type-specific genes and antibodies were performed after electromagnetic field exposure. The results suggested that electromagnetic fields enhance neural differentiation in these cells and would be an effective method for differentiating neural cells.
Seckin E et al. · 2014
Pregnant rats and their offspring were exposed to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications radiofrequency radiation for one hour per day during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests showed no significant difference among the groups. Electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the numbers of normal, apoptotic, and necrotic cells among the groups. The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development.
Lv B, Su C, Yang L, Xie Y, Wu T · 2014
Researchers recruited ten subjects for a crossover, double-blind experiment with real and sham LTE EMF exposure sessions. Each session involved 30 minutes of LTE EMF exposure (power on or off) while EEG signals were recorded from 32 channels. The study found that short-term LTE EMF exposure modulated synchronization patterns of EEG activation across the whole brain.
Valbonesi P, Franzellitti S, Bersani F, Contin A, Fabbri E. · 2014
Researchers exposed rat PC12 cells to 1.8 GHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at a SAR of 2 W/kg for 4, 16, or 24 hours. HSP70 gene expression was measured by RT-PCR, while HSP70 protein and MAPK phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting. Only the GSM-217Hz signal increased HSP70 transcription after 16 or 24 hours of exposure. HSP70 protein levels and three MAPK signaling pathways were unchanged by any of the signals.
Tas M et al. · 2014
The study used 14 adult Wistar Albino rats divided into sham and exposure groups of seven each. Exposed rats received 900 MHz RF radiation from a GSM signal generator for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for one year. No differences were found in sperm motility or concentration between groups. Exposed rats had higher rates of morphologically normal sperm but lower tunica albuginea thickness and Johnsen testicular biopsy scores.
Taberski K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 16 male Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg for one week per condition. Only at the highest SAR level did fur temperature increase by about 0.5°C, food consumption decrease, and daytime carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient decrease.
Sannino A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from four healthy donors to 1950 MHz radiofrequency fields at 0.3 W/kg for 20 hours, then challenged them with 1.0 or 1.5 Gy X-irradiation. After 72 hours of culture, they measured micronuclei incidence and found a significant decrease in micronuclei in cells exposed to both radiofrequency fields and X-rays compared to X-rays alone. The results suggested a radiofrequency-induced adaptive response and resistance to subsequent X-ray damage, though variability between donors was observed.
