Lukac N et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed bovine semen to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF-EMW in vitro and measured motility at 0, 30, 120, and 420 minutes using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. The percentage of motile and progressively motile sperm decreased significantly after 120 and 420 minutes of exposure. Average path distance decreased after 30 and 420 minutes, while path velocity initially increased at 30 minutes but decreased at 420 minutes. Amplitude of lateral head displacement also decreased significantly after 420 minutes.
Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2011
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to a 2.45 GHz microwave field for two hours per day over 60 days. They also applied a 100 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field to some groups, either alone or combined with the microwave exposure. Microwave exposure significantly increased caspase and creatine kinase levels and decreased testosterone and melatonin. Pulsed electromagnetic field exposure relieves the effect of microwave exposure by inducing Faraday currents.
Gutschi T et al. · 2011
Researchers examined 2110 men attending an infertility clinic from 1993 to October 2007 and divided them into cell phone users and non-users. Cell phone users had a significantly higher percentage of pathological sperm morphology (68.0%) compared to non-users (58.1%). Cell phone users also showed significantly higher testosterone and lower luteinizing hormone levels, while follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin levels did not differ significantly.
Saygin M, Caliskan S, Karahan N, Koyu A, Gumral N, Uguz A · 2011
Researchers used twelve-week-old male Wistar Albino rats divided into cage control, sham control, and 2.45 GHz EMR groups, with the exposure group receiving 3.21 W/kg for 60 minutes daily over 28 days. The exposed rats showed a significant reduction in Leydig cell numbers compared to cage controls. Spermatogenesis scores differed significantly between groups, and Bax gene and Caspase-8 enzyme levels showed significant changes.
Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2011
Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR. · 2011
Highly motile human spermatozoa were exposed for 1 hour to 900-MHz mobile phone radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2.0 W/kg and examined at various times after exposure. The radiation did not affect the sperm acrosome reaction, but significant reductions were found in sperm head area and acrosome percentage of the head area among exposed sperm compared with unexposed controls. The mean number of zona-bound sperm was 22.8 in exposed samples versus 31.8 in controls, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The researchers concluded that these results could indicate a significant effect of RF-EMF on sperm fertilization potential.
Savić T, Janać B, Todorović D, Prolić Z. · 2011
Researchers investigated how a static magnetic field affected development and viability in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila hydei. Eggs of both species were exposed to an average magnetic induction of 60 mT throughout full development from egg to adult. Exposure reduced development time in both species, though statistical significance was found only for D. hydei, and viability was significantly weaker in both exposed species compared to controls.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. · 2011
The study investigated the effect of mobile phone exposure on fertility-related markers in 70-day-old male Wistar rats. Rats were exposed in Plexiglas cages for 2 hours a day for 35 days, with a specific absorption rate estimated at 0.9 W/kg. In exposed rats, antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase decreased, while malondialdehyde and free radical generation increased significantly. The researchers concluded that radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from commercially available cell phones might affect the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa.
Esmekaya MA, Ozer C, Seyhan N · 2011
Researchers exposed male Wistar albino rats to 900 MHz pulse-modulated RF radiation at a SAR of 1.20 W/kg for 20 minutes per day over three weeks to investigate oxidative damage in multiple tissues. MDA and NOx levels were significantly increased in liver, lung, testis, and heart tissues of the exposed group compared to sham and control groups, while GSH levels were significantly lower in exposed rat tissues. No significant difference was observed between the sham and control groups.
Zeng L et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to electromagnetic pulse irradiation at 100 kV/m peak-to-peak electric field intensity to observe effects on the reproductive system. Sperm morphology, micronucleus formation rate, sperm number, and viability were not affected, but the acrosin reaction rate decreased at 24 h and 48 h and recovered by 72 h after irradiation. Enzymatic activities of T-SOD and MnSOD were reduced by 24 h, MDA content increased at 6 h, and serum LH and testosterone levels were elevated in irradiated rats compared to controls. The researchers suggested that the mechanism of EMP-induced damage may be associated with inhibition of MnSOD expression.
Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers exposed female NMRI mice to 50 Hz, 0.5 mT ELF-EMF for 4 hours per day, 6 days a week for 2 weeks. The exposed mice had significantly fewer flushed blastocysts than controls. Fallopian tube epithelial cell height increased significantly in exposed mice, while endometrial epithelial cell height showed an insignificant increase.
Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers exposed Fasciola hepatica eggs to a 50 Hz, 2 mT extremely low frequency magnetic field for 10 days. The exposed eggs hatched faster than non-exposed control eggs. Snails infected with miracidia from exposed eggs laid significantly fewer cocoons by day 14 and showed significantly higher mortality by day 42 compared to control snails.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
Human sperm were exposed to a 50 Hz, 5 mT ELF-EMF with a square waveform. Exposure increased mitochondrial membrane potential and levels of ATP, ADP, and NAD+ and improved sperm kinematic parameters. Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation with CICCP blocked the ELF-EMF effect on energy parameters and motility in glucose medium. When pyruvate and lactate replaced glucose, ELF-EMF increased energy status and motility, indicating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation mediates the effect.
Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers isolated trophoblasts from first trimester human chorionic villi and exposed them to a 50-Hz magnetic field for different durations. Exposure at 0.2 mT for 72 hours did not affect hCG and progesterone secretion. Exposure at 0.4 mT for 48 hours showed no significant change in hormone secretion. Exposure at 0.4 mT for 72 hours significantly inhibited hCG and progesterone secretion. Apoptosis-related gene expression (bcl-2, bax, caspase-3, p53, fas) did not differ after 72 hours at 0.4 mT.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study among healthy sperm donors to study magnetic field exposure and poor sperm quality. All participants wore a meter to capture daily magnetic field exposure. Men whose 90th percentile magnetic field level was 1.6 mG or higher had a two-fold increased risk of abnormal sperm motility and morphology compared to those with lower exposure. Increasing duration of exposure above 1.6 mG further increased the risk. Age-adjusted Spearman Rank Order Correlations showed an inverse correlation between magnetic field exposure and all semen parameters.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
The study analyzed live singleton births in Montréal and Québec from 1990 to 2004 using the Québec birth file. Proximity was defined as residing within 400 meters of a transmission line, and generalized estimating equations assessed associations with preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex while adjusting for maternal and neighborhood factors. No association was found for preterm birth, low birth weight, or infant sex, but a lower likelihood of small-for-gestational-age birth appeared for some distance categories such as 50–75 meters compared to 400 meters or more.
Unknown authors · 2010
Previous epidemiological studies of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields relied on crude exposure proxies like job titles and equipment use. The Royal Norwegian Navy measured RF fields from antennas and radars at crew locations on fast patrol boats. The boats are small, placing crew close to RF-emitting equipment. Researchers described the measured exposure and proposed calculation methods using linear and spatial averages, percentage of ICNIRP, and squared deviation of ICNIRP.
Unknown authors · 2010
Researchers exposed male mice to radiofrequency radiations from GSM base stations at a workplace complex and residential quarters. Exposed mice showed 39.78% and 46.03% sperm head abnormalities compared to 2.13% in controls. The increase was statistically significant and dose dependent, with major abnormalities including knobbed hook, pin-head, and banana-shaped sperm heads.
Unknown authors · 2010
The review noted that most studies have only considered effects on sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. It identified physical agents like radiation and heat, chemical agents like cigarette smoke and pollutants, and biological factors like infections and age as important for sperm DNA damage. The review also highlighted uncertainty about the best laboratory tests for DNA damage and a lack of evidence for therapeutic measures.
Takahashi S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 2.14 GHz electromagnetic fields for 20 hours per day during gestation and lactation at low and high specific absorption rates. No abnormal findings were observed in the dams, the F1 generation, or the F2 offspring across multiple parameters including growth, organ weights, survival, development, hormonal status, memory function, reproductive ability, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions, whole-body exposure to 2.14 GHz for 20 hours per day during gestation and lactation did not cause any adverse effects on pregnancy or the development of rats.
Sambucci M et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to WiFi signals for 2 hours daily over 14 consecutive days starting 5 days after mating. No effects were found on mating success, number of newborns per mother, or body weight at birth. Offspring showed no differences in spleen cell number, B-cell frequency, or antibody serum levels. B cells from all groups produced comparable IgM and IgG and proliferated similarly when challenged with LPS in vitro. These findings were consistent in both female and male offspring at juvenile and adult ages.
Lee HJ et al. · 2010
Male rats were exposed to 848.5 MHz RF for 12 weeks. The exposure schedule consisted of two 45-min RF exposure periods separated by a 15-min interval. The whole-body average SAR was 2.0 W/kg. Researchers measured sperm counts, malondialdehyde concentrations, spermatogenesis stage frequency, germ cell counts, apoptotic cells, and performed immunoblotting for p53, bcl-2, caspase 3, p21, and PARP. The study concluded that subchronic exposure did not have observable adverse effects on rat spermatogenesis.
