6,486 Studies Reviewed. 85.2% of Original Studies Found Biological Effects. The Evidence is Clear.
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EMF Research Studies

Browse 6,486 peer-reviewed studies on electromagnetic field health effects from 4 research libraries.

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Whole Body / General

Biological Effectiveness of Magnetic Fields

Unknown authors · 1971

The review noted that literature on magnetic field biological effects had increased dramatically during the last decade. Many studies reported subjective effects like fatigue and irritability, but these were difficult to assess quantitatively. The literature was described as extensive and often contradictory, with some studies finding effects on cellular systems while others found none. Only one review (Ketchen, Porter and Bolten 1978) proposed a human exposure limit of 0.02 Tesla for continuous static magnetic field exposure. Other reviews concluded that data inadequacies did not allow informed statements about permissible exposure levels.

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Whole Body / General
Proceedings

BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF NATURAL AND WEAK ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC FIELDS (On the State of the Art)

Yu. A. Kholodov, Yu. I. Novitsky · 1971

They identified several problem areas for the geomagnetic field's biological significance, including orientation, magnetic anomalies, ontogenesis, hypomagnetic syndrome, and sensitivity mechanisms. The authors concluded that no mechanism for weak-field perception had been demonstrated, including hypothesized membrane mechanisms or intracellular magnetic fields.

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Whole Body / General

Analyses of Electromagnetic Fields Induced in Biological Tissues by Thermographic Studies on Equivalent Phantom Models

Arthur W. Guy · 1971

The method uses a thermograph camera to record temperature distributions from energy absorption in phantom models that match tissue dielectric and geometric properties. Electric field magnitude is derived from the square root of the calculated heating pattern. The technique was validated by comparing experimental results with theoretical results for plane layers exposed to a rectangular-aperture source and cylindrical layers exposed to a plane-wave source.

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Whole Body / General
Measurement survey

Comparison of microwave power density meters

Moore RL, Smith SW, Cloke RL, Brown DG · 1971

This report presents a comparison of several types of survey instruments designed to detect and measure microwave power density emitted from microwave ovens. The pocket dosimeter was totally unsuitable as a quantitative instrument. The following tabulation compares a thermocouple device, a thermistor device, and a helix antenna with a diode detector. As a result of the tests outlined in this report it was found that the thermocouple device is best suited to measure leakage close to a slot source such as a microwave oven at 2450 MHz.

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Whole Body / General

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION, PART 1

Heering, van Osch · 1971

The report defines microwave radiation as electromagnetic radiation covering the range between conventional radio waves and far infrared. It explains that microwave absorption in tissues depends on water content and frequency, with fat allowing deeper penetration than muscle. The report classifies biological effects into thermal, specific thermal, and non-thermal categories and notes that harmful thermal effects usually occur at power densities exceeding 100 aW/on.

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