6,486 Studies Reviewed. 85.2% of Original Studies Found Biological Effects. The Evidence is Clear.
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EMF Research Studies

Browse 6,486 peer-reviewed studies on electromagnetic field health effects from 4 research libraries.

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Whole Body / GeneralNo Effects Found

Effects of Ultra-High-Frequency Radiation on Animals

Martin Lubin et al. · 1960

Researchers conducted pathological studies on rabbits and rats exposed to 400 megacycle whole-body radiation. Rats were exposed at 160 mwatts per square centimeter for 30 minutes or 60 mwatts per square centimeter for 20 minutes. The data indicated that if animals survived the repeated irradiation, no pathological damage attributable to the radiation could be demonstrated.

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Whole Body / General

RADAR RADIATION HAZARDS IN THE NEAR FIELD OF APERTURE ANTENNAS

Arthur L. Haywood · 1960

Radio frequency energy with a power density equal to or greater than 0.01 watt per square centimeter is considered hazardous. Near-field gains were mathematically derived for rectangular, circular, and linear aperture antennas with various illumination distributions. A method of measuring power densities in the near field at given distances from a radar transmitter was presented and compared with theoretical calculations. Laboratory measurements compared favorably with theoretical predictions. Near-field antenna gain varies with the physical shape and size of the aperture, the aperture illumination, and the distance from the aperture.

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Whole Body / General

Infrared and Microwave Effects on Skin Heating and Temperature Sensation

E. HENDLER, J. D. HARDY · 1960

Researchers exposed the forehead area of seven subjects to controlled heating while measuring skin temperature radiometrically. Temperature sensation reports correlated best with the rate of change of skin temperature. Warmth threshold occurred at a skin temperature rise rate of 0.001°C/second and cool threshold at a fall rate of 0.005° °C/second. Microwave irradiation at about 17 mW/cm² produced a linear skin temperature increase of 0.037°C/second for the first 30 seconds. Warmth sensation persisted after microwave exposure ended, which the authors attributed to slowly dissipated heat retained in the tissues.

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