Vernon H. Baker, Dennis E. Wiant, Oscar Taboada · 1956
This 1956 Michigan State University study examined how 12.25 cm microwaves affected granary weevils and flour beetles that commonly infest stored grain. The research was conducted in partnership with Raytheon Manufacturing Company as part of broader investigations into how electromagnetic radiation affects biological tissues. This represents some of the earliest controlled research into microwave effects on living organisms.
F. G. Hirsch · 1956
This 1956 study by Hirsch explored using biological tissue samples to estimate microwave energy doses and predict potential tissue damage. The research focused on developing methods to measure how microwave radiation affects living tissue, including temperature changes and damage patterns. This early work helped establish fundamental approaches for understanding microwave exposure effects on biological systems.
H. P. SCHWAN, K. LI · 1956
This 1956 study analyzed how radar radiation penetrates the human body and generates heat, establishing critical safety thresholds. Researchers found that radar energy above 0.02 watts per square centimeter could cause dangerous whole-body temperature increases, while levels above 0.2 watts per square centimeter permanently damage eyes. The research mapped how electromagnetic energy absorbs into skin, fat, and deeper tissues.
David A. Copson, Barbara R. Neumann, Aaron I. Brody · 1955
This 1955 technical paper examined methods to create browning effects in microwave-cooked foods by adding common food materials. The research addressed how microwave cooking's penetrating radiation produces different surface characteristics compared to conventional cooking methods that rely on external heat.
J. H. Richmond, T. E. Tice · 1955
This 1955 technical study developed methods for measuring microwave electromagnetic fields at close range without distorting the fields being measured. Researchers created a small waveguide probe that could accurately detect microwave radiation patterns near their source. The work established foundational techniques for EMF measurement that remain relevant today.
Alfred W. Richardson · 1955
This 1955 study examined how microwave diathermy therapy heats different types of tissue, comparing tissues with blood flow to those without. Richardson investigated the effectiveness of microwaves as a heating agent for medical therapy applications. The research provided early insights into how microwave energy interacts differently with vascular and avascular tissues.
Herman P. Schwan, Kam Li · 1955
This 1956 technical report by Friend, Finch, and Schwan investigated how human tissues absorb ultra-high frequency electromagnetic energy and what levels might be considered safe for exposure. The researchers examined the physical mechanisms behind tissue heating from RF energy and worked to establish tolerance dosage guidelines. This represents some of the earliest scientific work on determining safe exposure limits for electromagnetic radiation.
J. B. Millard · 1955
This 1955 study examined how short-wave diathermy (medical heating using radio frequencies) affected the movement of radioactive sodium through human skin and muscle tissue. The research tracked how RF heating changed circulation patterns and tissue clearance rates. This early work provided insights into how radio frequency energy interacts with human tissue at the cellular level.
Herman P. Schwan, Kam Li · 1955
This 1955 research by HP Schwan examined differences between the microwave energy doses delivered by medical diathermy equipment and the actual biological heating effects in human tissue. The study investigated how measured power levels don't always translate directly to therapeutic heating, revealing early insights into how microwaves interact with living tissue.
J. B. MILLARD · 1955
This 1955 study examined how short-wave diathermy (a medical heating device using radiofrequency energy) affected the movement of radioactive sodium through human skin and muscle tissue. Researchers tracked changes in how quickly the body cleared this tracer substance during RF heating treatments. The research provided early evidence that electromagnetic fields could alter normal biological processes at the cellular level.
George H. Brown, Wendell C. Morrison · 1954
This 1954 research explored how strong radio-frequency fields affect microorganisms in water solutions, investigating RF energy as a potential method for pasteurization and sterilization. The authors concluded that no significant destruction of bacteria occurred from the fields at frequencies up to 600 megacycles, excepting destruction brought about by thermal effects: non-viability was a temperature effect, not an electric field effect.
Herman P. Schwan, Edwin L. Carstensen, Kam Li · 1954
This 1954 study by H.P. Schwan compared electromagnetic diathermy (using radio frequency energy) with ultrasonic diathermy for medical heating applications. The research examined how these two different energy types penetrate and heat human tissue. This early work helped establish scientific understanding of how electromagnetic fields interact with the human body for therapeutic purposes.
Herman P. Schwan, Geo. Morris Piersol · 1954
This 1954 review by Herman Schwan examined how radiofrequency electromagnetic waves are absorbed by human body tissues, focusing on therapeutic applications and worker safety concerns. The study analyzed the physical mechanisms of EMF absorption in different tissues and evaluated both medical benefits and potential hazards. This foundational research helped establish our early understanding of how electromagnetic energy interacts with biological systems.
T. R. A. Davis, J. Mayer · 1954
The research found that living animals experienced more intense heating effects than dead tissue, suggesting complex biological responses beyond simple thermal heating.
Hartmuth, L. · 1954
This 1954 research measured dielectric constants and conductivities of biological substances at wavelengths of 9 to 180 cm, using a resonance method. The tissues measured were blood, liver, muscle and fat tissue. In all substances, below about 30 cm wavelength the dielectric constant decreased and the conductivity clearly increased, a dispersion attributed to polar molecules and, at least in blood and liver, essentially to the dispersion of water.
P. J. W. AYRES, H. McILWAIN · 1953
This 1953 study by Ayres investigated how electrical impulses affect separated tissues when placed in water-based solutions. The research examined tissue metabolism responses to electrical stimulation in laboratory conditions. This early work helped establish foundational understanding of how electrical fields interact with biological tissues.
Sidney I. Brody · 1953
This 1953 study examined microwave radiation as an operational hazard for aircraft personnel working with radar systems. The research focused on understanding the health risks faced by aviation workers exposed to microwave emissions from radar equipment. This represents early recognition that microwave radiation posed potential occupational health concerns in the aviation industry.
F. B. Benjamin · 1953
This 1953 research by Benjamin examined the relationship between tissue injury and pain sensation in human skin, focusing on heat-induced damage and temperature thresholds. The study investigated how the human body detects and responds to thermal injury at the cellular level. This foundational work established important principles for understanding how external energy sources cause biological damage and pain responses.
James D. Hardy, Irving Jacobs, Margaret D. Meixner · 1953
This 1953 study examined the relationship between tissue damage and pain perception by analyzing when skin temperature reaches the critical threshold of 45°C (113°F) for both pain sensation and thermal damage. Researchers found that while pain and tissue damage often occur together, the relationship is complex - citing battlefield observations where only 50% of severely wounded soldiers reported pain.
Herman P. Schwan, Kam Li · 1953
This 1953 study measured the electrical properties of human body tissues at radio frequencies from 200 to 1,000 megacycles (MHz). Researchers found that different tissues conduct and store electrical energy differently based on their cellular structure, water content, and protein levels. This foundational work helped establish how electromagnetic fields interact with human biology.
Herman P. Schwan, Edwin L. Carstensen, Kam Li · 1953
This 1953 study examined how electromagnetic diathermy (medical heating) affects fat and muscle tissue layers in humans. Researchers found that electromagnetic currents selectively heat fatty tissue more than muscle, even at high frequencies, creating challenges for medical treatments trying to heat deeper muscle tissue.
J. F. Herrick, F. H. Krusen · 1953
This 1953 study by Herrick and Krusen examined how microwave radiation affects animal physiology and causes tissue damage, focusing on heating effects and blood flow changes. The research explored both therapeutic applications in diathermy treatment and potential harmful effects from microwave exposure. This early work helped establish the foundation for understanding how microwave energy interacts with biological tissues.
EMILY E. MUELLER, ROBERT LOEFFEL, SEDGWICK MEAD · 1953
This 1953 study examined how to use electrical currents to measure pain thresholds in humans, focusing on standardizing the electrical stimulus method. Researchers investigated skin impedance (electrical resistance) as a factor in creating reliable, repeatable pain threshold measurements. The work aimed to establish valid testing protocols for studying human pain sensitivity using electrical stimulation.
Boyle AC, Cook HF, Woolf DL · 1952
This 1952 research by Boyle investigated the biological effects of microwave radiation on humans, building on earlier microwave research during an era when this technology was rapidly expanding. The study examined how microwave energy interacts with human tissue, contributing to early understanding of electromagnetic field effects on biological systems.
David G. Cogan, John L. Goff, Elizabeth Graves · 1952
This 1952 study by Dr. David Cogan investigated radiation-induced cataracts in rabbits using single exposures to neutrons from the Cockcroft-Walton Accelerator (14-mev neutrons) and the Fast Reactor (fission neutrons). The research examined how high-energy radiation damages the lens of the eye, contributing to early understanding of radiation's effects on vision. This foundational work helped establish that neutron irradiation produces ocular lesions essentially similar to those following x-irradiation.
