Kues HA et al. · 1992
Researchers exposed anesthetized monkeys to pulsed 2.45 GHz microwaves after topical treatment with timolol maleate or pilocarpine. Drug pretreatment lowered the power-density threshold for corneal endothelial lesions and increased iris vascular permeability from 10 to 1 mW/cm². Effects occurred at an average SAR of 0.26 W/kg and were confirmed with specular microscopy, fluorescein angiography, and horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques.
Czerska EM, Elson EC, Davis CC, Swicord ML, Czerski P · 1992
Researchers exposed human lymphocytes in vitro for 5 days to continuous-wave (CW) or pulsed-wave (PW) 2450-MHz radiation at non-heating and heating levels, with actual average SARs ranging to 12.3 W/kg. At non-heating levels, CW exposure did not affect spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation, but PW exposure enhanced it significantly (P less than .002). At heating levels, PW exposure enhanced transformation to a greater extent than either conventional heating or CW heating, a finding significant at the .02 level.
Adair ER, Adams BW, Hartman SK · 1992
Researchers exposed adult male squirrel monkeys to 450-MHz or 2,450-MHz continuous-wave fields in cool environments to study how the body responds to radio-frequency heating. During brief exposures in the cold, the reduction of metabolic heat production was directly proportional to the SAR, and 2,450-MHz energy was a more efficient stimulus than the resonant frequency. In the steady state, exposure at the resonant frequency produced a regulated increase in deep body temperature, described as not unlike that which occurs during exercise. Researchers concluded that skin temperature changes are the primary source of the neural signal for a change in physiological interaction processes during radio-frequency exposure in the cold.
Garaj-Vrhovac V, Fucic A, Horvat D · 1992
Researchers exposed human whole-blood samples to continuous microwave radiation at a frequency of 7.7 GHz, at power densities of 0.5, 10, and 30 mW/cm2, for 10, 30, and 60 minutes. In all experimental conditions, the frequency of all types of chromosomal aberrations was significantly higher than in the control samples, and dicentric and ring chromosomes were detected in the irradiated samples. The results showed a positive correlation between micronuclei and specific chromosomal aberrations, including acentric fragments and dicentric chromosomes. The researchers indicated that microwave radiation causes changes in the genome of somatic human cells and that the applied tests are equally sensitive for the detection of the genotoxicity of microwaves.
Unknown authors · 1991
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 232 cases and 232 controls aged birth to 10 years in Los Angeles County from 1980 to 1987. Magnetic field measurements were taken in the child's bedroom over 24 hours or longer for 164 cases and 144 controls, and spot measurements for 140 cases and 109 controls. No clear associations were seen between leukemia risk and measured magnetic or electric fields. An association was observed between the Denver Wertheimer-Leeper wiring configuration and childhood leukemia risk with an odds ratio of 2.15. Cases were more likely than controls to report use of several appliances that produce high electric and magnetic fields.
Larsen AI · 1991
Researchers conducted a case-referent study using a cohort of Danish physiotherapists linked to national pregnancy registers to assess the relation between high-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposure and congenital malformations. Exposure during the first month of pregnancy was assessed through blinded telephone interviews without knowledge of case status. No statistically significant associations were found between pregnancy outcome and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposure (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 0.6-4.3).
Larsen AI, Olsen J, Svane O · 1991
Case groups were spontaneous abortions, low birth-weight prematurity, and stillbirth or death within one year, and exposure was assessed by telephone interviews. Highly exposed mothers had only 23.5% male births, a statistically significantly altered gender ratio showing a dose-response pattern. High-frequency electromagnetic radiation was associated with low birthweight, but only for male newborns.
Garson OM, McRobert TL, Campbell LJ, Hocking BA, Gordon I. · 1991
Researchers studied chromosome damage in 38 radio-linemen exposed to radio-frequency radiation and 38 matched controls. They analyzed Two hundred metaphases per person, scored blind, and found the rate of aberrant cells was the same in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the types of chromosome aberrations.
T.T. · 1990
Researchers reviewed biological effects of static magnetic fields and found no specific target organ for deleterious effects at present. A documented effect is the induction of electrical potentials in major arteries during exposure, with 60 mT producing a 1 mV potential in the human aorta. Pacemaker reed switches can close at 1.7 mT, so wearers should be excluded from fields exceeding 1.0 mT.
Unknown authors · 1990
They calculated magnetic-field strengths at birth addresses using line-network maps and load records. The results showed no association between childhood malignancies and either proximity to or magnetic fields from overhead lines. Statistical power was limited because few children lived close to overhead power lines.
Goldoni J · 1990
Researchers studied 14 male radar technicians who had been exposed to pulsed microwaves for 7 to 14 years. They compared these workers with 10 male electronic technicians who worked at the same airport but far from microwave sources. After two years, the exposed workers showed a significant decrease in thrombocyte and leukocyte counts, and their leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were significantly lower than in the control group. There was no significant difference in reticulocyte and lymphocyte counts between the groups.
Cleary SF, Liu LM, Merchant RE · 1990
Researchers exposed whole human blood in vitro for 2 hours to 27 or 2,450 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation under isothermal conditions at 37 degrees C. At SARs below 50 W/kg, exposure produced a dose-dependent, statistically significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation, while exposure at 50 W/kg or higher suppressed proliferation relative to sham-exposed cells. The researchers concluded that these biphasic, dose-dependent effects on lymphocyte proliferation were not dependent on heating. There were no detectable effects of RF radiation on lymphocyte morphology or viability.
Unknown authors · 1989
Unknown authors · 1989
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study of leukemia and residential proximity to electricity supply equipment in south-east England. The study included 771 leukemia cases matched to 1,432 cancer controls and 231 general population controls. Exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields was assessed indirectly from the distance, type, and loading of nearby power lines and transformer substations. Only 0.6% of subjects lived within 100 m of an overhead power line, where the relative risk of leukemia was 1.45 (95% CI 0.54-3.88), rising to 2.0 within 50 m (95% CI 0.4-9.0). Over 40% of subjects lived within 100 m of a substation, with a relative risk of 0.99, and residence within 25 m carried a risk of 1.3 (95% CI 0.8-2.0).
Joseph D. Bowman et al. · 1988
Researchers took spot measurements of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields at 114 work sites across several electrical worker occupations and at 18 residences for comparison. Magnetic field exposures were significantly higher than residential levels in most electrical worker categories, with the highest reading of 1250 x 10^-7 Tesla on a battery-powered forklift operator. Electric field exposures exceeded residential levels in only 25% of measurements, limited to power line workers, power station operators, and TV repairers.
Unknown authors · 1988
Researchers studied 356 children diagnosed with cancer between 1976 and 1983 in the Denver area and compared them with controls selected by random digit dialing. Measured magnetic fields under low power use at a 2.0 milligauss cutoff showed an odds ratio of 1.4 for total cancers, with higher odds ratios for leukemias, lymphomas, and soft tissue sarcomas. Wire configuration codes contrasting very high and high versus very low, low, and buried codes yielded an odds ratio of 1.5 for total cancers. Adjusted estimates for measured fields and wire codes did not differ from crude results, indicating an absence of confounding.
Unknown authors · 1988
Nine men were exposed to 4.1 GHz radio-frequency radiation in an accident. Two men were exposed to 4.6 mW/cm2 for up to 90 minutes, exceeding the Australian standard of 1 mW/cm2, while seven others received lower exposures. Comprehensive medical examinations, including follow-up ophthalmological exams over nine months, were performed on all staff. Various abnormalities were found in all staff, but there was no consistent gradient of effect between exposure groups except possibly for hair loss. The investigators concluded that the exposure had not resulted in harmful effects.
T. S. Tenforde, W. T. Kaune · 1987
Kjell Hansson Mild et al. · 1987
Chang-Zern Hong · 1987
Kolmodin-Hedman B et al. · 1987
Michael Kachmar · 1986
Martino Grandolfo · 1986
Unknown authors · 1986
Robert F. Cleveland · 1985
