Browse 8,700 peer-reviewed studies on electromagnetic field health effects from 4 research libraries.
Showing 2,998 studies (Human Studies)
M. F. Iskander, P. W. Barber, C. H. Durney, H. Massoudi · 1978
This 1978 study analyzed how electromagnetic radiation from short dipole antennas affects human-shaped models at close distances. Researchers found that radiation patterns and energy absorption rates (SAR) differ significantly from distant exposure, with higher energy densities occurring when the source is less than half a wavelength away from the body.
G. I. Rowlandson, P. W. Barber · 1978
This 1978 study used mathematical modeling to calculate how the human body absorbs radiofrequency energy at high frequencies (6 GHz and above). Researchers found that RF absorption patterns change dramatically at these higher frequencies compared to lower frequencies, with absorption increasing as frequency rises.
Clark W. Heath et al. · 1978
Researchers investigated 35 cases of chronic leukopenia (low white blood cell counts) among Navy personnel at China Lake radar facility in California. While no single cause was identified, workers showed persistently declining white blood cell counts over many years. The findings raised concerns about potential bone marrow suppression requiring ongoing medical surveillance.
A. MAMOUMI, F. BLOT, Y. LEROY, E. CONSTANT, Y. MOSCHETTO · 1978
This 1978 French study explored using microwave radiometry at 9 GHz to measure tissue temperature beneath the skin for medical diagnosis. The researchers developed a passive, non-invasive method that could detect temperature changes several centimeters deep, potentially useful for identifying breast tumors and studying rheumatic conditions.
Electromagnetic Radiation Management Advisory Council · 1978
This 1978 technical report by ERMAC focused on developing systematic approaches for assessing and managing risks from nonionizing radiation, particularly radiofrequency (RF) sources. The document addressed the need for standardized safety criteria and biological effects evaluation during the early era of widespread RF technology deployment. This represents foundational work in establishing frameworks for understanding EMF health risks.
Hagmann J, Gandhi OP, D'Andrea JA, Chatterjee I · 1978
This 1978 study discovered that the human head acts like an antenna, resonating at 350 MHz microwave frequency and absorbing 3 times more radiation than previously thought. Researchers found that the whole body affects head absorption patterns, making isolated head models inaccurate for safety calculations.
QUIRINO BALZANO, OSCAR GARAY, FRANCIS R. STEEL · 1978
Researchers tested how much radiofrequency energy from 800 MHz portable radio transmitters gets absorbed into simulated human tissue, particularly near the head. They found that different antenna designs create "hot spots" about 1 inch below the temporal bone, with some antennas exposing the eye area to higher energy levels. The temperature increases were small enough that researchers concluded normal radio use shouldn't cause thermal tissue damage.
Richard F. Boggs, Zorach R. Glaser · 1978
This 1978 NIOSH technical report by researchers Boggs and Glaser examined the scientific evidence to develop recommended occupational exposure standards for radiofrequency and microwave radiation in U.S. workplaces. The study represents an early government effort to establish safety limits for workers exposed to RF/microwave radiation on the job. This work laid important groundwork for protecting workers from electromagnetic field exposure decades before consumer wireless devices became widespread.
Q. BALZANO, O. GARAY, F.R. STEEL · 1978
This 1978 study compared how electromagnetic energy from portable radios deposits in human tissue at two frequencies: 450 MHz and 800-900 MHz. Researchers found that higher frequencies (800-900 MHz) concentrate more energy in surface tissue layers, while the shape of the human head creates a focusing effect that drives energy deeper into brain tissue at these higher frequencies.
ROBERT C. BECK · 1978
This 1978 technical report by Beck documented instrumentation methods for detecting and analyzing extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic signals from both natural sources like lightning and man-made sources like power systems. The research also explored techniques for recording human brainwave patterns and their potential interactions with environmental ELF fields.
Z. Glaser, R. Curtis · 1978
This 1978 technical report documented radiofrequency field intensity measurements at a commercial FM/TV broadcast tower in El Paso, Texas, focusing on occupational exposure levels for workers. The study represents early efforts to quantify RF exposure levels at broadcast facilities, which can emit extremely high power levels that may pose health risks to maintenance workers and nearby residents.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 Air Force standard established occupational exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation to protect military personnel from RF health risks. The document set permissible exposure levels and safety protocols for workers handling RF equipment. This represents early military recognition that RF radiation posed measurable health risks requiring formal protection standards.
P.A. Neukomm · 1978
Researchers in 1978 studied body-mounted antennas used for medical telemetry, examining radiation patterns and safety concerns when transmitters are placed directly on human subjects. The study found that biological effects from RF exposure are possible and identified optimal frequencies between 75-150 MHz for body-mounted devices. This early research highlighted safety considerations for wearable medical monitoring technology.
J. M. Osepchuk · 1978
This 1978 review examined microwave leakage from consumer microwave ovens manufactured to meet government emission standards. The study found that typical leakage values were well below even the most conservative exposure standards worldwide, with field surveys showing the overwhelming majority of certified ovens leaked well below permissible limits. The research concluded that microwave ovens were safe and becoming increasingly regulated with better leakage suppression techniques.
QUIRINO BALZANO, OSCAR GARAY, FRANCES R. STEEL · 1978
Researchers tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of the head and body. They found that despite high field measurements near the antenna, actual tissue heating was minimal (less than 0.1°C) because the radio waves don't penetrate effectively into biological tissue. The only health risk occurs if someone places the antenna tip directly against their eye.
Quirino Balzano, Oscar Garay, Frances R. Steel · 1978
Researchers tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of muscle, fat, bone, and brain. They found that actual tissue heating was much lower than expected because the radio's antenna creates static fields that collapse at the air-body interface due to human tissue's electrical properties. This discovery helped explain why early field measurements overestimated potential heating effects.
Quirino Balzano, Oscar Garay, Frances R. Steel · 1978
This 1978 study tested how VHF portable radio transmitters heat human tissue using realistic phantom models of the head and body. Researchers found that a 6-watt portable radio held 0.2 inches from the mouth caused minimal heating (less than 0.1°C) in simulated brain tissue. The study revealed that actual tissue heating was much lower than expected because the antenna's strong static fields collapse at the air-body interface.
Unknown authors · 1978
This 1978 NIOSH government report examined what standards should protect workers from radiofrequency and microwave radiation exposure on the job. The document established criteria for occupational RF exposure limits during an era when workplace electromagnetic field hazards were becoming increasingly recognized. This foundational work helped shape early worker protection policies for electromagnetic radiation.
R. A. Tell, F. Harlan · 1978
This 1978 analysis examined whether the 10 mW/cm² radiofrequency safety standard used in Western countries provides adequate protection from thermal effects. The authors found that while this limit offers sufficient protection above 1 GHz, frequencies below 1 GHz (including the body resonance region) may require exposure limits 10 times lower for adequate safety margins.
Z. Glaser, R. Curtis · 1978
This 1978 technical report documented radiofrequency field intensity measurements at a commercial FM/TV broadcasting tower in El Paso, Texas. The study focused on occupational exposure levels for workers at the transmission facility, providing early data on RF field strengths around high-power broadcast antennas.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health et al. · 1978
In 1978, NIOSH conducted a comprehensive survey of workplace radiofrequency and microwave energy uses to develop the first occupational exposure standards. The study gathered information on workplace practices, engineering controls, and recognized biological effects across frequencies from 0.5 MHz to 300 GHz. This foundational work established the scientific basis for protecting workers from RF/microwave radiation in industrial settings.
Lin JC · 1977
This 1977 study by Lin analyzed how pulsed microwave radiation can cause people to hear sounds that appear to come from inside their head. Using mathematical modeling, researchers showed that microwave energy creates tiny temperature changes in the head that generate acoustic waves, explaining the 'microwave hearing' phenomenon observed in humans and laboratory animals.
Maria A. Stuchly · 1977
This 1977 technical report by Maria Stuchly examined microwave radiation exposure standards and maximum permissible levels (MPL) for occupational settings, comparing safety guidelines between countries like Canada and the USSR. The work focused on revisions to Safety Code 6, a Canadian radiation protection standard that governs microwave exposure limits for workers and the public.
Unknown authors · 1977
In 1977, Health and Welfare Canada conducted a safety assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure levels in and around Toronto's CN Tower, which was then the world's tallest structure. This government report evaluated potential health risks from the tower's broadcast antennas and transmission equipment. The study represents an early official examination of EMF exposure from major broadcasting infrastructure in urban environments.
Unknown authors · 1977
This 1977 government report examined electromagnetic radiation safety around Toronto's CN Tower, focusing on radio frequency and television transmission exposures. The study assessed potential health risks from the tower's broadcasting operations, which was significant given the CN Tower's status as one of the world's tallest communication structures at the time.