Nowak B et al. · 1996
Researchers evaluated 31 patients with three types of single lead VDD pacemakers for interference from a 2-W mobile phone in the digital D-net. Atrial and ventricular sensitivity were programmed to their most sensitive values and ventricular sensing to unipolar. The phone's extendable antenna was placed in direct skin contact at the right sternal border just below the clavicle, within 5 cm of the pacemaker connector, while ECG was continuously monitored. No interference was detected and programmed values remained unchanged after the test. The authors concluded the interference risk appears low but could not be entirely excluded due to study design.
Grayson JK · 1996
A nested case-control study investigated electromagnetic field exposures and brain tumor risk in the US Air Force. Cumulative extremely low frequency and radiofrequency/microwave exposures were estimated from a job-exposure matrix, and ionizing radiation exposures came from personal dosimetry records. Nonionizing electromagnetic field exposure showed a small excess risk with extremely low frequency OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.95-1.74) and radiofrequency/microwave OR 1.39 (95% CI 1.01-1.90), while ionizing radiation had OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.22-1.52). Military rank was consistently associated with brain tumor risk, with officers having OR 2.11 (95% CI 1.48-3.01) versus enlisted men and senior officers OR 3.30 (95% CI 1.99-5.45) versus all others.
Andersson B, Berg M, Arnetz BB, Melin L, Langlet I, Lidén S. · 1996
Seventeen patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a waiting-list control group in a pretest-posttest control group design. Patients participated in double-blind provocation tests before and after treatment. Subjective symptom ratings and blood samples for stress-related variables were collected. The experimental group reduced disability evaluations more than the control group, but no significant between-group differences were found in psychophysiological measures or subjective reactions to provocation. The provocation test concluded that alleged hypersensitive patients did not react to electromagnetic fields.
Wilke A, Grimm W, Funck R, Maisch B, · 1996
Researchers tested 50 patients with permanent pacemakers using a D-net cellular phone (Ericsson, 890–915 MHz) during three pacemaker settings. A six-channel surface ECG was continuously recorded to detect interactions. Only 2 patients (4%) repeatedly showed intermittent pacemaker inhibition during calls, and both had unipolar sensing. The authors concluded that interactions appear rare but pacemaker-dependent patients should avoid cellular phone use.
Violanti JM, Marshall JR · 1996
Talking more than 50 minutes per month on a cellular phone in a vehicle was associated with a 5.59-fold increased risk of a traffic accident. Combined use of cellular phones with motor and cognitive activities while driving was also associated with increased accident risk. The authors cautioned that the study had a small sample, showed only statistical associations, and did not conclude that talking on cellular phones while driving is inherently dangerous.
Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI, Haldorsen T · 1996
The Norwegian cohort consisted of 2,619 women certified as radio and telegraph operators between 1920 and 1980. Cancer incidence was analyzed using the standardized incidence ratio with the Norwegian female population as the comparison group. The standardized incidence ratio for all cancers was 1.2, while breast cancer showed an excess risk with an SIR of 1.5. A nested case-control analysis found an association between breast cancer in women aged 50 and older and shift work. After adjusting for fertility factors, the rate ratio for breast cancer associated with being a radio and telegraph operator was 1.5 compared to all Norwegian women born 1935 or later.
Szmigielski, S · 1996
Researchers compared cancer morbidity between occupationally exposed and non-exposed personnel using observed and expected rates to calculate an observed/expected ratio. The overall cancer morbidity rate was 119.1 per 100 000 annually in exposed personnel versus 57.6 in non-exposed, yielding an OER of 2.07 (P < 0.05). Higher rates were seen for alimentary tract neoplasms (OER = 3.19–3.24), brain tumours (OER = 1.91), and haemopoietic/lymphatic malignancies (OER = 6.31).
Rothman KJ, Loughlin JE, Funch DP, Dreyer NA · 1996
Researchers conducted a record-based mortality surveillance of a cohort of more than 250,000 portable and mobile telephone customers during 1994. Age-specific mortality rates were similar for users of the two types of telephones. For customers with accounts at least 3 years old, the mortality rate ratio for portable versus mobile telephone users was 0.86 with a 90% confidence interval of 0.47 to 1.53.
Ohmoto Y et al. · 1996
Neshev NN, Kirilova EI · 1996
The authors present a theoretical model describing how pulse-modulated microwaves might influence enzyme conformational oscillations in living organisms. The model predicts that specific pulse-repetition times matching enzyme oscillation periods can produce effects at extremely low power levels. The model indicates possible environmental-health risks from long-term exposure to ambient fields from radar, navigation, and communication systems.
Naegeli B, Osswald S, Deola M, Burkart F · 1996
Reproducible interference occurred in 7 of 39 patients during 26 of 672 tests with phones operating within 10 cm of the pacemaker. Ventricular inhibition was induced only in unipolar pacing mode (12.5% positive test results). Interference was more likely at higher phone power output and maximal pacemaker sensitivity (6% vs 1.8% positive tests).
Mann, K, Roschke, J · 1996
Researchers investigated the influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields from digital mobile radio telephones on sleep in healthy humans. They found a hypnotic effect that shortened sleep onset latency and a REM suppressive effect that reduced REM sleep duration and percentage. Spectral analysis showed qualitative alterations of the EEG signal during REM sleep with increased spectral power density.
Maes A, Collier M, Slaets D, Verschaeve L. · 1996
Researchers exposed whole blood samples to a 954 MHz GSM base station antenna and then cultured lymphocytes with mitomycin C. They measured sister chromatid exchange frequencies in metaphase figures.
Kolodynski AA, Kolodynska VV · 1996
Kittel A, Siklos L, Thuroczy G, Somosy Z · 1996
Irnich W, Batz L, Muller R, Tobisch R · 1996
Holly EA, Aston DA, Ahn DK, Smith AH. · 1996
Researchers conducted a case-control study in the western United States to examine the relation between occupations or chemical exposures and uveal melanoma risk. Among 221 male cases and 447 controls, intense ultraviolet light exposure, welding exposure, asbestos exposure, and occupations as chemists, chemical engineers, or chemical technicians were associated with elevated odds ratios.
Hofgartner F, Muller T, Sigel H · 1996
Researchers tested 104 patients with 58 different pacemaker models using three mobile phones from the C and D networks. They varied the distance between the phone antenna and the pacemaker, and adjusted the pacemaker's sensitivity and polarity settings during continuous ECG monitoring. Interference occurred in 43 patients (41.3%) and 28 pacemaker types (48.3%), including inhibition, switching to interference frequencies, and triggering of tachycardias. The D-network portable phone caused interference more often and at greater distances than the D-network handy phone, which performed similarly to the C-network phone. Reducing pacemaker sensitivity and switching to bipolar reception only partly eliminated the interference.
Grigor'ev IuG · 1996
The study aims to investigate the role of modulation in biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. Research outcomes indicate that nervous and immune system responses depend on the type of modulation at low exposure levels. The authors formulate the necessity of accounting for modulation in electromagnetic danger evaluation. Data describing the role of modulation in the development of biological effects are considered.
Gapeev AB, Safronova VG, Chemeris NK, Fesenko EE · 1996
Researchers compared horn, dielectric, and channel antennas for matching with biological loads. Electromagnetic radiation at 41.8-42.05 GHz inhibited luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils activated by opsonized zymosan. No frequency dependence was found in the far field zone, but a quasi-resonance dependence appeared in the near field zone. The channel antenna provided uniform specific absorption rate distribution and wide-band matching in both near and far field zones.
Funch DP, Rothman KJ, Loughlin JE, Dreyer NA · 1996
Researchers surveyed over 5,000 cellular telephone users from one large company across four major geographical areas. Forty-eight percent of account holders were sole users and 69% were primary users accounting for at least 75% of use. Respondent reports of telephone use amount correlated highly with billing records (r = 0.74) and telephone type with manufacturer data (r = 0.92). Most users favored one side of the head when using the telephone, but side preference was not strongly associated with handedness.
Detlavs I et al. · 1996
Researchers exposed Wistar rats with full-thickness dermal wounds to RF EMF for 30 min daily during the first 5 days using 53.53 GHz without modulation, 42.19 GHz without modulation, and 42.19 GHz with a 200-MHz frequency modulation band. RF EMF without frequency modulation decreased glycoprotein macromolecules and reduced inflammatory exudation and total collagen accumulation. RF EMF with frequency modulation significantly elevated hexoses and sialic acid concentrations, indicating intensified exudative phenomena, and increased collagenous protein accumulation. The authors concluded that non-thermal EMF affects reparative-proliferative processes in soft tissue wounds.
Chen WH, Lau CP, Leung SK, Ho DS, Lee IS · 1996
Researchers tested 29 patients with permanent pacemakers using three cellular phones at three positions and eight pacing modes. Interference occurred in 74 of 2,418 episodes (3.1%) in eight patients, only when the phone was above the pacemaker pocket. Three interference types were seen: inhibition of pacing output, rapid ventricular tracking in DDD(R) or VDD(R) mode, and asynchronous pacing. Unipolar atrial leads were more susceptible than bipolar or ventricular leads. Reprogramming sensitivity prevented interference in all patients.
Bortkiewicz A, Gadzicka E, Zmyslony M, · 1996
The study compared 71 workers at medium-frequency broadcast stations with 22 non-exposed radio link station workers. Age and work tenure distributions did not differ significantly between groups. Heart rate variability was measured from 512 normal heart evolutions at rest using a Medea-HV system. Time-domain and frequency-domain HRV parameters showed no statistically significant differences between exposed and non-exposed groups. In the exposed group, maximum EM field intensity correlated negatively with high-frequency power spectrum.
Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W · 1996
The study covered 71 workers at four AM broadcast stations, 40 workers at ten radio link stations, and 42 workers at three radioservices. Workers underwent subjective and objective medical examinations, resting electrocardiogram, Holter measurements, high intensity ECG, and long-term blood pressure recording for cardiac rhythm analysis. Exposure to EMF at AM broadcast stations increased the risk of electrographic disturbances six times in comparison with radio link station workers not exposed to medium wave EMF. Radioservice workers had twice the risk of electrographic disturbances compared to link station workers.
