Willis Jackson · 1946
This 1946 technical study by Jackson established methods for measuring how materials interact with microwave radiation at centimeter wavelengths. The research focused on developing standardized techniques and terminology for characterizing dielectric properties, which describe how substances respond to electromagnetic fields. This foundational work helped establish the scientific framework still used today to understand how microwaves interact with biological tissues.
Lidman, B I, Cohn, C · 1945
This 1945 study investigated how radar emissions affected the blood-forming (hematopoietic) system in humans, examining potential impacts on blood cell production and counts. The research represents one of the earliest scientific investigations into radar's biological effects, conducted during World War II when radar technology was rapidly expanding. This pioneering work helped establish the foundation for understanding how radiofrequency radiation might affect human blood and immune systems.
Maj Bernard J. Lidman, MC, Capt Clarence Cohn, MC · 1945
This 1945 Naval Research Laboratory study examined 45 radar operators exposed to radar emissions for up to 9 years, finding no blood abnormalities or health effects. Parallel animal studies on guinea pigs also showed no reproductive, behavioral, or tissue changes from heavy radar exposure.
Ed. Gilles · 1944
This 1944 study by Gilles investigated how ultrashort waves (microwave radiation) kill microorganisms like bacteria. The research examined the lethal effects of this electromagnetic radiation on various microbes, providing early evidence that microwaves can damage living biological systems. This work helped establish that electromagnetic fields can have profound biological effects at the cellular level.
E. Gilles · 1944
This 1944 research investigated whether ultrashort radio waves could kill fungi and bacteria through thermal (heating) effects. The study found that these electromagnetic waves could destroy microorganisms, but only when they generated enough heat under specific conditions.
Hugh Fleming · 1944
This 1944 study by Fleming examined how high-frequency electromagnetic fields affect microorganisms like bacteria. The research investigated biological effects of RF fields on microbes, likely in connection with medical diathermy treatments. This represents early scientific inquiry into how electromagnetic energy interacts with living organisms at the cellular level.
H. Schaefer, H. Schwan · 1943
This 1973 research examined how small particles heat up differently when exposed to ultrashort wave (high-frequency) electromagnetic fields in a condenser setup. The study investigated selective heating patterns, where certain particles absorb more energy than others under specific electromagnetic conditions. This early work helped establish fundamental principles about how electromagnetic energy interacts with small-scale materials.
Daily LE · 1943
This 1943 clinical study examined the health effects of radar and high-frequency radio exposure on laboratory personnel during World War II. The research represents one of the earliest documented investigations into occupational EMF exposure in workers handling radar equipment. This pioneering study helped establish the foundation for understanding potential health risks from high-powered electromagnetic radiation in workplace settings.
Daily LE · 1943
This 1943 clinical study examined laboratory personnel exposed to radar and high-frequency radio equipment, conducting blood counts and physical examinations to assess health effects. The research represents one of the earliest documented investigations into occupational EMF exposure from radar technology. This wartime study established a foundation for understanding potential health impacts from high-powered electromagnetic radiation sources.
H. Schaefer, H. Schwan · 1943
This 1943 German technical study examined temperature distribution and heating effects in water-oil emulsions when exposed to radiofrequency radiation. The research focused on mathematical modeling and experimental verification of how RF energy creates selective heating patterns in these mixed liquid systems. This represents early scientific work on how electromagnetic fields interact with biological-like materials.
G. R. Osborn · 1943
This 1943 medical study examined pathological findings in 262 fatal accident cases, focusing on lung damage patterns including pulmonary edema and blast-related injuries. The research documented specific types of traumatic lesions found during post-mortem examinations of accident victims. While not directly EMF-related, this early work established baseline understanding of how external forces cause cellular and tissue damage in humans.
L. Eugene Daily · 1943
This 1943 clinical study examined the health effects of radar and high-frequency radio exposure on laboratory personnel during World War II. The research represents one of the earliest documented investigations into occupational EMF exposure, conducted when radar technology was rapidly expanding. The study's mixed findings highlight the early recognition that electromagnetic fields could affect human health in workplace settings.
J. L. Oncley · 1942
This 1942 foundational study investigated how proteins behave when exposed to electromagnetic fields, measuring their dielectric properties (how they respond to electrical fields). Researchers found that proteins have unique electromagnetic signatures that differ significantly from simple salt solutions, establishing early scientific methods for understanding how biological molecules interact with electromagnetic energy.
Gyula v. Lugossy · 1942
This 1942 study examined how diathermy (a medical treatment using radiofrequency energy to heat deep tissues) affects the human eye. The research investigated potential eye damage from RF electromagnetic fields used therapeutically. This represents early recognition that electromagnetic fields could cause biological effects in sensitive organs like the eyes.
Macleod J, Hotchkiss RS · 1941
This 1941 study examined how elevated body temperature (fever) affects sperm production in men, building on earlier animal research showing that heat exposure damages sperm-producing cells in the testes. The researchers found that fever significantly reduced total sperm counts at various time intervals after the temperature elevation, confirming that heat is directly harmful to male fertility.
Kenneth S. Cole, Robert H. Cole · 1941
This 1941 technical study by K.S. Cole examined how dielectric materials (insulators like those in electronic devices) respond to alternating current electrical fields. The research explored fundamental properties like dielectric constants and relaxation times that determine how materials absorb and scatter electromagnetic energy.
Bennett RL, Hines EA, Krusen FH · 1941
This 1941 study examined short-wave diathermy (a medical heating device using radio frequency energy) and its effects on foot skin temperature. The researchers found that while diathermy produces deep tissue heating, it can be harmful for patients with poor blood circulation and should be avoided in cases of arterial insufficiency.
N.P. Kokhanovich · 1941
Soviet researchers in 1941 studied how high-frequency electromagnetic fields affect kidney function in dogs, specifically examining changes in urine production (diuresis) and reflexive kidney shutdown (anuria). This early research explored whether radiofrequency fields could influence the body's fluid regulation systems through the kidneys.
Kenneth S. Cole, Robert H. Cole · 1941
This 1941 foundational study by Cole established the mathematical framework for understanding how electromagnetic fields interact with different materials, including biological tissues. The research developed the Cole-Cole equation, which describes how materials absorb and disperse electromagnetic energy across different frequencies. This work became the scientific basis for measuring how EMF penetrates and affects living tissue.
C. F. Wagner, G. D. McCann, Edward Beck · 1941
This 1941 engineering study examined lightning strikes and electrical currents, measuring how lightning creates multiple electrical discharges and the wave patterns of these currents. Researchers found clear differences between direct lightning strikes and the electrical currents they produce in lightning arresters (protective devices).
John MacLeod, Robert S. Hotchkiss · 1941
This 1941 study examined how fever affects sperm counts in men, building on animal research showing that elevated testicular temperature damages sperm production. Researchers tracked sperm counts at various intervals after men experienced high body temperatures from fever treatment. The study confirmed that heat exposure significantly reduces male fertility, providing the first human evidence of temperature's impact on sperm production.
Hasche E. · 1940
This 1940 study by Hasche examined how short wave radiofrequency radiation affects biological tissue in both human and animal subjects. The research represents one of the earliest scientific investigations into RF energy's biological effects, conducted during the early development of radio technology. This foundational work helped establish the field of bioelectromagnetics research.
Bauer, J., Gutman, G. · 1940
This 1940 study by Julius Bauer examined how diathermy (deep heating therapy using radiofrequency energy) affects male reproductive function and sperm production. The research investigated whether the heat generated by RF energy exposure could damage testicular tissue and impair fertility. This early work helped establish the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation on sensitive reproductive organs.
Bauer, J., Gutman, G. · 1940
This 1940 research by Dr. Bauer examined how diathermy treatments affected male reproductive function. Diathermy uses radiofrequency energy to generate deep tissue heat for therapeutic purposes. The study investigated potential impacts on testicular function and sperm production from this early form of medical RF exposure.
Bauer, J., Gutman, G. · 1940
This 1940 research by Dr. Bauer investigated how diathermy (medical heating using radio frequency energy) affected male reproductive function and sperm production. The study examined whether RF-based heat treatments used in medicine could impact testicular health. This represents some of the earliest documented research into how electromagnetic fields might affect human fertility.
