EMF Research Studies

Does Radiofrequency Radiation From Mobile Phones Affect the Formation of Parotid Gland Malignancy? An Experimental Study

Coskun ZO et al. · 2024

Effects of 3.5-GHz radiofrequency radiation on energy-regulatory hormone levels in the blood and adipose tissue

Unknown authors · 2024

The European Union assessments of radiofrequency radiation health risks – another hard nut to crack (Review)

Nyberg et al · 2023

A 2017 article described the WHO as unwilling to acknowledge health effects from wireless phones. The WHO was characterized as 'A Hard Nut to Crack'. The EU is following the WHO's approach and has not acknowledged any risks from radiofrequency radiation despite increasing evidence. Seven appeals by scientists and medical doctors have requested a halt to 5G rollout since September 2017. The appeals have been ignored.

(2023) Genotoxic risks to male reproductive health from radiofrequency radiation

Kaur et al · 2023

Mobile phones, televisions, microwaves, radio, and wireless devices employ radiofrequency waves to which everyone is exposed. Excessive and long-term exposure to non-ionizing radiation may cause genetic health effects on the male reproductive system, which could be a primitive factor to induce cancer risk. The review incorporates both in vitro and in vivo studies of radiofrequency radiation effects, including DNA damage, micronuclei formation, chromosomal aberrations, SCE generation, ROS generation, oxidative stress, base adduct formation, sperm head DNA damage, and DNA-protein cross-linking.

The present study established a 2605 MHz RF-EMR (SAR=1

Yu G, Zhu Y, Song C, Chen L, Tang Z, Wu T · 2023

Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Modern Cellphones on Sperm Motility and Viability: An In Vitro Study

Unknown authors · 2023

Researchers exposed semen samples from fertile men to radiofrequency radiation from a smartphone using 4G, 5G, or WiFi connectivity. Sperm motility and viability decreased with WiFi exposure but not with 4G or 5G exposure. The study also tested whether a cellphone case or increased distance could reduce the effects.

Theta band brainwaves in human resting EEG modulated by mobile phone radiofrequency

Unknown authors · 2023

Twenty-one healthy volunteers were exposed to a GSM signal at 900 MHz with specific absorption rates of 0.49 W/kg (10 g tissue) and 0.70 W/kg (1 g tissue). Delta and beta rhythms of resting EEG were not affected by the exposure. Theta brainwaves were significantly modulated during exposure, and this modulation depended on whether eyes were closed or open.

Combined effects of EMP and RF field on emotional behavior in mice

Qin T et al. · 2023

Researchers exposed male mice for one week to electromagnetic pulse at 650 kV/m for 1,000 pulses and 4.9 GHz radiofrequency at 50 W/m 2 for one hour per day. They used open field test, tail suspension test, and Y-maze to assess anxiety, depression-like behavior, and spatial memory. Proteomic analysis showed hippocampal proteins enriched in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, and histological examination revealed autophagy-associated cell death in the amygdala.

Effects of low-level RF fields reveal complex pattern of magnetic input to the avian magnetic compass

Unknown authors · 2023

Zebra finches trained in a four-arm maze to orient using the magnetic field became disoriented when tested in low-level (~10 nT) Larmor-frequency RF fields. When the same birds were trained under the RF field, they could orient, showing the field altered but did not remove magnetic input. Higher-intensity Larmor-frequency RF fields dramatically changed the compass response, while broadband RF fields during training or testing erased magnetic compass information.

Effects of Nonthermal Radiofrequency Stimulation on Neuronal Activity and Neural Circuit in Mice

Hao Y et al. · 2023

Researchers established a spatial memory impairment model by exposing mice to 2856-MHz RFR at thermal noise levels (≤1 °C). Glutamate release in the dorsal hippocampus CA1 region did not change significantly, while dopamine release was reduced. RFR enhanced calcium activity in glutamatergic CA1 pyramidal neurons through nonthermal mechanisms, and this activity returned to baseline after exposure ended. The dopamine reduction was linked to decreased density of dopaminergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the dorsal hippocampus. Artificially activating dopamine axon terminals or D1 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus CA1 improved memory damage in exposed mice.

Dasdag S, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Hakan Er, Veysi Akpolat & Engin Deveci Interstitial space between cells in the left and right lobes of rat brains exposed to 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation

Unknown authors · 2023

Researchers exposed 28 Wistar Albino rats to 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 3 hours per day over one month. The greatest effect was seen at 1800 MHz in the right lobe and at 2100 MHz in the left lobe.

Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)—Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses

Unknown authors · 2023

The study examined RF-EMF effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in indoor and outdoor settings using DECT (1890–1900 MHz) and Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) frequencies. Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and did not affect flowering time. In field conditions, RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced photosynthetic efficiency, accelerated flowering, down-regulated VDE and ZEP genes, and lowered FV/FM and NPQ under light stress.

Pilot Study of the Long-Term Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure on the Mouse Brain

Unknown authors · 2023

Researchers exposed mice continuously for 16 weeks to 2.45 GHz RF radiation from a household Wi-Fi router and a laboratory device, comparing them to a sham-exposed group. Mice underwent behavioral tests including open-field and Y-maze before and after exposure, and brains were examined for histopathology and DNA methylation. Exposure increased locomotor activity but did not produce significant structural or morphological brain changes. Global DNA methylation was lower in exposed mice than in sham mice.

Long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure attenuates cognitive dysfunction in 5×FAD mice by regulating microglial function

Son Y, Park H-J, Jeong YJ, Choi H-D, Kim N, Lee H-J · 2023

Researchers exposed 5×FAD mice to 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 5 W/kg for two hours per day, five days per week, for six months. They conducted object recognition and Y-maze behavioral tests and analyzed amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-beta metabolism in brain tissue. Exposure for six months ameliorated cognitive impairment and amyloid-β deposition. Hippocampal expression of Iba1 and CSF1R was significantly reduced in exposed mice compared with sham-exposed mice. Both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and a CSF1R inhibitor suppressed genes related to microgliosis and pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β.

Evaluation of DNA Methylation Profiles of LINE-1, Alu and Ribosomal DNA Repeats in Human Cell Lines Exposed to Radiofrequency Radiation

Unknown authors · 2023

Researchers analysed DNA methylation profiles of cervical cancer and neuroblastoma cell lines exposed to 900 MHz GSM-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Radiofrequency exposure did not affect the DNA methylation of Alu elements in any of the cell lines analysed. It influenced DNA methylation of LINE-1 and ribosomal repeats in terms of average profiles and organisation of methylated and unmethylated CpG sites, in different ways in each of the three cell lines studied.

Effects of prenatal mobile phone radiation exposure on MMP9 expression: Implications for inflammation, oxidative stress, and sensory-motor impairment after neonatal hypoxia- ischemia in rats

Khayat S, Fanaei H, Lakzaee N · 2023

Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned to RF radiation exposure or no exposure, and their male offspring were later allocated to sham, exposure-only, hypoxia-ischemia, or combined hypoxia-ischemia and exposure groups. MMP-9 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the combined hypoxia-ischemia and exposure group than in the hypoxia-ischemia, sham, or exposure-only groups. The combined exposure group also showed higher TNF-α and total oxidant capacity but lower total antioxidant capacity compared with the other groups. Cerebral edema and infarct volume were greater in the combined group than in the hypoxia-ischemia group, and sensory-motor function was weaker in the combined group.

Analysis of global DNA methylation changes in human keratinocytes immediately following exposure to a 900 MHz radiofrequency field

Unknown authors · 2023

Human keratinocytes were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 1 hour at a low dose rate (SAR < 10 mW/kg) using a custom system that maintained 37°C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing was performed directly following exposure to examine immediate changes in DNA methylation patterns and identify early differentially methylated genes. Correlating gene expression with methylation data identified six common targets that were both differentially methylated and differentially expressed, suggesting a potential epigenetic role in the cellular response and that these targets may serve as biomarkers for immediate RF-EMF response.

The HL-60 human promyelocytic cell line constitutes an effective in vitro model for evaluating toxicity, oxidative stress and necrosis/apoptosis after exposure to black carbon particles and 2.45 GHz radio frequency

Unknown authors · 2023

RF and BC induced moderately significant cell damage at 8 or 24 hours and much greater damage after 48 hours and higher BC dose, and an antiproliferative effect increased with exposure time and dose. Oxidative stress and ROS production increased with radiation time, BC dose, and their combination. Both radiation and BC separately and jointly triggered necrosis and apoptosis, with BCL2a gene expression activated after 24 hours and FASR and caspase-3 activation after 48 hours.

Acute radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure impairs neurogenesis and causes neuronal DNA damage in the young rat brain

Unknown authors · 2023

Researchers exposed 5-week-old male Wistar rats to a 2115 MHz RF-EMR signal at 1.51 W/kg SAR for 8 hours. Exposed rats showed higher lipid peroxidation, carbon-centered lipid radicals, and single-strand DNA damage in the brain. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus decreased, indicating reduced neurogenesis. RF-EMR exposure caused degenerative changes and neuronal loss in dentate gyrus neurons but not in CA3, CA1, or cerebral cortex neurons.

Effects of Exposure to Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz on Structural Changes Associated with Lipid Peroxidation in Prepubertal Rat Testicular Tissue

Unknown authors · 2023

The study used prepubertal male rats exposed to 2.45 GHz RF radiation at varying electric field intensities. The exposure groups included electric field strengths of 0.6, 1.9, 5, 10, and 15 V/m, with daily 1-hour exposures for 45 days. Exposed rats showed elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels in testicular tissue. Histological analysis revealed distinct alterations in testicular tissue compared to controls.

Indirect effects of interference of two emerging environmental contaminants on cell health: Radiofrequency radiation and gold nanoparticles

Unknown authors · 2023

Researchers exposed Chinese hamster ovary cells to a non-toxic dose of 15-nm gold nanoparticles for 48 hours and then to 900 MHz GSM radiofrequency radiation for 24 hours. The conditioned medium from these cells was transferred to new bystander cells, and cell death, DNA breaks, oxidative stress, and COX-2 expression were measured. RFR increased metabolic death in GNP-treated cells, while colony formation was reduced in bystander cells and RFR-exposed cells regardless of GNP presence. ROS levels were significantly lower in GNP-treated cells, but RFR-induced DNA breaks and micronuclei frequencies were not significantly affected by GNP.

Impact of weak radiofrequency and static magnetic fields on key signaling molecules, intracellular pH, membrane potential, and cell growth in HT- 1080 fibrosarcoma cells

Gurhan H, Barnes F · 2023

Weak Radiofrequency Field Effects on Chemical Parameters That Characterize Oxidative Stress in Human Fibrosarcoma and Fibroblast Cells

Gurhan H, Bajtoš M, Barnes F · 2023

Researchers exposed human fibrosarcoma and fibroblast cells to weak RF magnetic fields in the 3–5 MHz range for four days. At 4.2 MHz, exposure significantly increased mitochondrial mass and oxidative stress in fibrosarcoma cells.

Protective effect of paricalcitol in rat testicular damage induced by subchronic 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation

Unknown authors · 2023

Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, RFR exposure, paricalcitol treatment, and combined RFR plus paricalcitol. No significant differences were found in seminiferous tubule diameters or germinal epithelial thicknesses among groups. Ultrastructural changes observed in the seminiferous tubule and Leydig cells in the RFR group were decreased in the RFR plus paricalcitol group. The RFR plus paricalcitol group showed increased Johnsen Score, Ki67, p63 immunoreactivity, SOD and CAT activities, and decreased MDA levels compared with the RFR group.

Adverse effects of 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phones on bone and skeletal muscle

Unknown authors · 2023

Fifty-six rats weighing 200–250 g were divided into healthy and diabetic groups, each with sham and radiofrequency radiation exposure at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz. Over a month, each group spent two hours per day in a Plexiglas carousel, with experimental groups exposed to radiofrequency radiation and sham groups not exposed. Researchers performed three-point bending tests and radiological evaluations on the right tibia bones and measured CAT, GSH, MDA, and IMA in skeletal muscle tissue. Significant differences were found in biomechanical properties, radiological evaluations, and muscle tissue measurements between groups (p < .05). Average whole-body SAR values were 0.026 W/kg for GSM 900 MHz, 0.164 W/kg for 1800 MHz, and 0.173 W/kg for 2100 MHz.