Laldinpuii et al. · 2026
Researchers compared 50 people highly exposed to mobile phone base stations with 51 reference individuals, measuring complete blood counts and the stress markers amylase and cortisol. Stepwise regression showed that base-station exposure significantly predicted total leukocyte count, while gender, age and power density predicted basophil and monocyte counts, and daily mobile-phone use with age predicted basophil and lymphocyte counts. Almost a quarter of the highly base-station-exposed group had basophil counts above reference limits, and over half of heavy mobile-phone users (4–6 hours daily) had lymphocyte counts above limits, most under 30 years old. Smoking and age influenced amylase, but no exposure variable affected amylase or cortisol.
Eggeling-Böcker M et al. · 2026
Researchers randomly assigned 2169 participants to basic, simple precautionary, or conceptual precautionary information about reducing RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones. Simple precautionary messages increased general conditional risk perception only when participants assumed no precautions were taken, but did not affect affective risk perception, trust, or risk perception when precautions were assumed. Providing an elaborate explanation of the precaution-prevention distinction did not reduce risk perception or increase trust compared to simple precautionary information, and increased risk perception compared to basic information. Greek participants reported higher perceived risks and lower trust than German participants, and women expressed higher risk perception and less trust than men.
Zhu Y, Zhu L, Lan Y, Sun C, Chen G · 2026
Researchers exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts to 1800 MHz RF-EMF alone or combined with hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, cadmium, or hexavalent chromium. RF-EMF alone did not cause detectable DNA damage and did not significantly increase damage from hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, or cadmium. Combined exposure to RF-EMF and hexavalent chromium produced a significant synergistic increase in DNA damage.
Kim JH et al. · 2026
Researchers exposed human keratinocytes and murine melanoma cells to UVA radiation followed by 5G RF-EMFs at 3.5 and 28 GHz. Post-UV RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced DNA damage markers such as γH2AX foci formation by approximately 30–50% and comet tail moments by 60–80%, and suppressed intracellular ROS accumulation by 56–93%. These effects were accompanied by selective attenuation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation reduced by 55–85%. The magnitude of molecular protection was comparable to that of N-acetylcysteine treatment or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK. However, RF-EMF exposure did not reverse UV-induced reductions in cell viability or alterations in cell cycle distribution.
Bektas H, Seker A, Ustun R, Dogu S · 2026
Researchers exposed primary mouse dorsal root ganglion cultures to pulsed 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF-EMF for 1 to 24 hours in a GTEM-based setup. Dosimetry confirmed non-thermal exposure with temperature differences below 0.1°C. They assessed cell viability, ROS levels, mitochondrial apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3), and p75^NTR using blinded confocal analysis. Exposure caused a time-dependent reduction in viability, robust ROS elevations, increased Bax and caspase-3, decreased Bcl-2, and cytochrome c release, with maximal effects at 12 to 24 hours. p75^NTR upregulation indicated maladaptive neurotrophin signaling.
Bektas H, Yildirim S, Cakir S, Dogu S, Altindag F · 2026
Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were divided into Control, RF, CoQ10, and RF + CoQ10 groups. RF exposure lowered testosterone, LH, and FSH, raised MDA and TOS, and produced degenerative testicular changes; CoQ10 partially reversed these changes by restoring testosterone and TAS and reducing tissue damage.
Kim HS et al. · 2026
Researchers conducted a chronic bioassay in Korea and Japan using the same protocol to test CDMA-modulated 900 MHz RF at a whole-body SAR of 4 W/kg. Exposure began on gestational day 5 and continued for 18 hours 20 minutes each day with 10-minute on/off cycles. The Korean study observed no statistically significant changes in tumor incidence or survival rates. No significant RF-related effects were found in the heart, brain, or adrenal glands, and genotoxicity tests showed no DNA damage or mutation.
Imaida K et al. · 2026
The study included a 28-day preliminary toxicity study, genotoxicity assays, and a two-year carcinogenicity assessment following OECD guidelines. No statistically significant increases in neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions were found in major organs including brain, heart, and adrenal glands.
Ikuyo M, Taki M, Onishi T. · 2026
Researchers measured micro-environmental RF-EMF exposure levels across major railway station areas, shopping streets, residential areas, and public parks in urban and suburban areas of Japan. They also evaluated a portable measurement method by traversing a designated route way and back. RF-EMF exposure levels in urban areas were significantly higher than those in suburban areas. Major railway station areas had the highest exposure levels, followed by shopping streets, residential areas, and parks. The way-and-back measurements showed no significant difference in exposure levels.
Sailo L et al. · 2025
Researchers gave a symptom questionnaire to 183 highly exposed and 126 reference residents matched on demographics in a hilly city in Mizoram, India. They measured RF-EMF levels in residents' lounge rooms and compared symptoms between those living closer than 300 meters and farther than 400 meters from base stations. Residents living closer reported more symptoms in all four health categories, and higher exposure levels were the only factor predicting the number of symptoms.
Human cells response to electromagnetic waves of radio and microwave frequenciesSouchelnytskyi S et al. · 2025
The review highlights recent achievements in elucidating molecular mechanisms of RF and MW effects. It also highlights a direction for successful practical application in humans. Human cells both generate and absorb electromagnetic waves. Information about sensing and responding to EMW at different Hz frequencies is still fragmentary. The reported impact of RF and MW frequencies is variable, from harmful to human health to promising applications for diagnostics and treatment of diseases such as cancer.
Stefanopoulou M et al. · 2025
Researchers collaborated with 12 specialists to create an expert-based knowledge graph linking RF-EMF exposure to direct and indirect health effects. They also evaluated an AI tool that uses natural language processing and deep learning to extract information from literature and generate knowledge graphs. The expert-based knowledge graph can organize available knowledge as a first step in planetary health impact assessment, while AI tools require substantial human oversight and cannot replace expert judgment.
Lai & Levitt · 2025
Numerous studies report changes in gene expression in cells exposed to radiofrequency radiation (RFR), the type of energy emitted by wireless communication devices. The major affected genes are involved in repair of damaged proteins, response to stress, oxidative changes, apoptosis, DNA damage detection and repair, and changes in neural functions. These gene expression effects are supported by other biological studies and should be considered in setting RFR-exposure guidelines.
Tahmasebi et al · 2025
This multicenter case–control study recruited 226 women in Iran classified as controls, suspected cases, and confirmed breast cancer cases. Structured questionnaires collected data on mobile phone call duration, screen time, and phone placement. Longer screen time (>4 h/day), later age at menarche, lower education level, and exposure to environmental pollutants were also associated with increased odds.
Mevissen et al · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers fed juvenile loggerhead turtles repeatedly in magnetic fields replicating particular oceanic locations. The turtles learned to distinguish magnetic fields where they encountered food from fields that exist elsewhere. Conditioned responses in the magnetic map assay were unaffected by radiofrequency oscillating magnetic fields, while orientation behavior requiring the magnetic compass was disrupted by such fields.
Özyılmaz C et al. · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Temperature was the dominant factor, with optimal development at 30–32 °C. RF exposure at 18 GHz accelerated development at intermediate temperatures, but extreme RF and suboptimal temperatures prolonged development. Aedes aegypti was more sensitive to temperature changes than Aedes albopictus.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers created a 3D digital twin of an adult fruit fly using micro-CT scans and used it in numerical simulations to estimate absorbed power at 3.6 GHz. They exposed adult Drosophila melanogaster to 3.6 GHz fields for 5 days at 5.4 to 9 V/m (3.56 to 9.88 nW absorbed) and measured locomotor activity. They also exposed flies for 48 hours at an absorption level of 1.91 mW and measured fecundity. No effects were found on either locomotor activity or fecundity.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers explored the influence of mobile phone-emitted RF-EMFs on sleep duration and quality in a cohort of medical students. Participants alternated between sleeping with and without a mobile phone for two-week intervals while sleep patterns were monitored using smartwatches. The study found no statistically significant disparities in sleep quality between sleeping with and without a mobile phone. However, RF-EMF exposure had a notable impact on minimum and average blood oxygen saturation levels.
Sauter C et al. · 2025
Sixty healthy women and men aged 60 to 80 years completed four attentional tasks in nine sessions while exposed to GSM 900 MHz, TETRA 385 MHz, or sham exposure. Two of 16 performance measures were significantly affected by exposure in women only, with worse accuracy in an n-back task under GSM exposure in the easier version and under TETRA exposure in the highest level. Performance of women and men did not differ significantly overall, and only one significant sex-exposure interaction was observed under TETRA exposure, indicating better performance in men and worse in women compared to sham. The researchers concluded that overall cognitive performance of healthy elderly participants was not affected by short-term RF-EMF exposure.
Narayanan SN et al. · 2025
Male albino Wistar rats aged four weeks were exposed to 900 MHz radiation from a cellphone for four weeks at one hour per day. In the contextual fear conditioning test, the RF-EMR exposed group showed considerably elevated bright and dark compartment transitions and a significant decrease in latency to enter the dark compartment. Apoptosis was apparent in the CA3 region and perivascular space was significantly increased in the hippocampus of the radiation-exposed group. Lymphocytic infiltrates, congested sinusoids, and apoptotic-like changes were evident in the zona fasciculata, while the cytoarchitecture of the adrenal medulla was comparable in all three groups.
Unknown authors · 2025
Seventeen healthy volunteers received radiofrequency and electrical stimulation on the hands and feet while EEG was recorded. Radiofrequency stimulation was capable of selective activation of nociceptive fibres through rapid skin heating. Radiofrequency evoked potentials showed the highest degree of synchronicity achieved to date for cortical responses to thermal stimulation. The N2 and P2 peak latencies were longer for radiofrequency evoked potentials than for electrical stimulation evoked potentials. The P2 peak latency was also longer for foot stimulation than for hand stimulation.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed honey bee workers to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields of varying intensities and durations in wooden cages. Behavior was analyzed by computer program immediately after exposure and again seven days later. The radiofrequency field affected bee behavior compared to unexposed controls, though not all results were statistically significant. Significant effects were seen seven days after exposure in walking, flight, and individual contact.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed adult zebrafish to 4 hours of RF-EMR daily from a 4G Wi-Fi router for 30 days. After exposure, the fish were bred on days 10, 20, and 30, and the resulting embryos were raised without EMF and examined up to 10 days post-fertilization. Histopathology showed testicular and ovarian abnormalities in exposed adults, while their offspring exhibited increased mortality, morphological malformations, and anxiety-like behavior at 10 days post-fertilization.
