Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK. · 2017
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours a day for 35 days, then examined brain, liver, kidney, testis, and spleen. Significantly high levels of lipid peroxide were found in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004), and spleen (p < 0.006) of exposed rats. Histological changes were also observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney, and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group.
Solek P et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated the effects of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic fields on two mouse spermatogenic cell lines, GC-1 spg and GC-2 spd, in vitro. The researchers evaluated mitochondrial metabolism, morphology, proliferation rate, viability, cell cycle progression, oxidative stress balance, and regulatory proteins. The results strongly suggested that EMF induced oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated DNA damage, resulting in p53/p21-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The researchers concluded that electromagnetic field impairs male fertility by inducing p53/p21-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Miao X et al. · 2017
Researchers conducted a preclinical randomized study using 3-week-old male BALB/c mice repeatedly exposed to electromagnetic pulses at a peak intensity of 200 kV/m, 5 days per week for four consecutive weeks. Some mice also received daily co-administration of selenium-rich Cordyceps fungi at 100 mg/kg. Mice exposed without Cordyceps showed decreased sperm formation, shrunk seminiferous tubule diameters, and diminished antioxidative capacity at 28 and 60 days after exposure. Daily Cordyceps co-treatment alleviated the testicular damage, increased sperm formation, and reduced apoptotic spermatogenic cells.
Lewis RC et al. · 2016
Researchers explored the relationship between mobile phone use patterns and semen quality markers in a longitudinal cohort of 153 men at a Boston fertility clinic. Mobile phone use duration, headset use, and phone carrying location were assessed via nurse-administered questionnaire. A total of 350 semen samples were collected and analyzed onsite. Linear mixed models with random intercepts accounted for multiple semen samples per man. Overall, there was no evidence for a relationship between mobile phone use and semen quality.
Nakatani-Enomoto S et al. · 2016
Zhang G et al. · 2016
The study screened 794 young men in 2013 and followed 666 and 568 participants in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Univariate regression showed that daily talking duration on a cell phone was significantly associated with lower sperm concentration and total sperm count in 2013, and with lower semen volume and total sperm count in 2015. Internet use via cellular networks was associated with decreased sperm concentration and total sperm counts in 2013 and decreased semen volume in 2015, and these associations remained significant after multivariate adjustment for confounders.
Türedi S, Hancı H, Çolakoğlu S, Kaya H, Odacı E. · 2016
Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to continuous 900-MHz EMF for one hour daily on gestational days 13-21. Female offspring were evaluated on postnatal day 34 for ovarian follicle counts and histopathology. Exposed offspring showed significantly fewer primordial and tertiary follicles and more atretic follicles and higher apoptotic index than controls. Histopathology revealed severe follicle degeneration, vasocongestion, increased stromal fibrotic tissue, and cytoplasmic vacuolization in granulosa cells.
Sagioglou NE et al. · 2016
Researchers studied apoptosis in the model biological system Drosophila melanogaster under different exposure protocols. A signal generator was used operating alternatively under Continuous Wave (CW) or Frequency Modulation (FM) emission modes, at three power output values (10 dB, 0, -10 dB), under four carrier frequencies (100, 395, 682, 900 MHz). Newly emerged flies were exposed either acutely for 6 or 60 minutes on the sixth day, or repeatedly for 6 or 60 minutes daily for the first six days of their life. All exposure protocols resulted in an increase of apoptotic cell death observed in egg chambers, even at very low electric field strengths. FM waves seem to have a stronger effect in ACD than continuous waves.
Safian F et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed mouse 2-cell embryos to EMF (900–1800 MHz) for 30 minutes per day over four days and compared them with unexposed controls. The rate of embryo survival to the blastocyst stage was similar in both groups. However, the percentage of dead embryos at the 2-cell stage was significantly higher in the EMF-exposed group, and loss of cell viability significantly increased in experimental blastocysts.
Odacı E et al. · 2016
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour each day during days 13 to 21 of pregnancy. At 60 days old, offspring showed higher apoptotic index, greater DNA oxidation levels, and lower sperm motility and vitality compared to controls. Histopathological examination revealed immature germ cells in seminiferous tubule lumen and altered seminiferous tubule epithelium and structure. TUNEL staining showed nuclear changes indicating apoptosis with large numbers of apoptotic cells in most seminiferous tubule epithelium.
Erkut A et al. · 2016
Pregnant rats were exposed to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field for six, 12, or 24 hours daily for 20 days, and offspring were evaluated at 60 days after birth. Increasing prenatal exposure duration significantly reduced resting cartilage levels and increased apoptotic chondrocytes and myocytes. Calcineurin activity decreased in bone and muscle, and femur, tibia, and ulna development was impaired, especially with 24-hour daily exposure.
Akdag MZ et al. · 2016
The study used 16 adult male Wistar-Albino rats, with 8 exposed to 2.4 GHz radiation for over a year and 8 sham-exposed. DNA damage in brain, liver, kidney, skin, and testicular tissues was measured using the comet assay as percentage tail DNA. Percentage tail DNA increased in brain, kidney, liver, and skin of exposed rats but the increases were not statistically significant. In contrast, DNA damage in testicular tissue increased significantly (p < 0.01). The authors concluded that long-term 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure does not cause DNA damage in the examined organs except testes, which appear more sensitive.
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. · 2016
The review examined 27 studies on RF-EMR effects on the male reproductive system. Eleven of 15 studies on sperm motility reported significant declines, all seven studies measuring ROS found elevated levels, and four of five studies on DNA damage reported increased damage. RF-EMR reduced antioxidant levels in all six studies that assessed them, and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated effects in all three studies that tested it.
Odacı E et al. · 2016
Purkinje cell numbers in the cerebellum of 32-day-old female offspring were significantly lower in the EMF group compared to both control and sham groups. Pathological changes including pyknotic neurons with dark cytoplasm were observed in the EMF group.
Uskalova DV, Igolkina YV, Sarapultseva EI. · 2016
Researchers analyzed morphofunctional disorders in Spirostomum ambiguum protozoa after 30-, 60-, and 360-min exposure to a 1 GHz electromagnetic field at an energy flow density of 50 μW/cm(2) using intravital computer morphometry. Significant disorders in morphometric values correlated with low mobility of the protozoa. The results suggested using intravital computer morphometry on protozoa for early diagnosis of radiation-induced effects of mobile communication electromagnetic fields, for example low mobility of spermatozoa.
Stasinopoulou M et al. · 2016
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. · 2016
Researchers exposed adult Xenopus laevis frogs to GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz for 8 hours a day over a 5-week period, then measured effects on the embryos produced from different combinations of exposed and unexposed parents. In the control group, 2.2% of embryos were abnormal and none were dead; when only males were exposed, embryo abnormality rose to 3.3% and dead embryos rose to 8.3%. When only females were exposed, abnormal and dead embryo rates each reached 11.7%; when both parents were exposed, dead embryos reached 15% and abnormal embryos reached 11.7%. Offspring of RF-exposed females also showed more aggressive behavior compared with the control group.
Gok DK et al. · 2016
Researchers divided Wistar albino female rats into four groups: a control group, a prenatal-exposure group, a postnatal-exposure group, and a combined prenatal-plus-postnatal-exposure group. Pregnant rats in the prenatal and combined groups were exposed to a 50 Hz electric field at 12 kV/m for 1 hour per day during pregnancy, while postnatal animals were exposed for 68 days after birth. The latencies of visual evoked potential components were significantly prolonged in all exposed groups compared with controls. Retina TBARS levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated in all experimental groups compared with controls.
Akpınar D et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to an electric field at 12 kV/m for 1 hour per day, dividing them into control, prenatal, postnatal, and prenatal-plus-postnatal groups. The mismatch negativity amplitude was decreased in all exposed groups compared with the control group. Levels of 4-HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly increased in the postnatal group compared with the control group, while protein carbonyl levels were significantly decreased in the prenatal-plus-postnatal group compared with the control, prenatal, and postnatal groups.
Erdem Koç G et al. · 2016
Researchers established seven groups of pregnant rats and exposed some to 900 MHz EMF for 60 minutes per day during the gestation period. After birth, male rat pups were selected and the total number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal region was counted using the optical fractionator technique. The total number of pyramidal cells in the EMF group was significantly lower than in the control, sham, EMF plus melatonin, and EMF plus omega-3 groups. No difference was observed between any groups in terms of rats' body or brain weights.
Yildirim et al. · 2015
Researchers aimed to assess the potential harmful effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation on sperm parameters. They collected semen samples and asked 1082 men to complete an anonymous questionnaire, excluding 51 with azoospermia. Increased internet usage was associated with decreased total motile sperm count and progressive motile sperm count. Wireless internet usage compared with wired connection was linked to lower progressive motile sperm count.
Sangün Ö, Dündar B, Çömlekçi S, Büyükgebiz A · 2015
They noted children are exposed to non-ionizing radiation involuntarily from very early ages. The review highlighted concerns about thyroid function, adrenal hormones, glucose homeostasis, and melatonin levels. Studies are usually performed on virtual models or animals due to ethical issues. International guidelines did not report definite causality but studies indicate increased risks of cancer, hematologic effects, and cognitive impairment.
Zhou LY et al. · 2015
A total of 34,417 pregnant women participated in the survey from January 2000 to December 2013 and 32,296 questionnaires were collected. The spontaneous abortion rate in the total sample was 3.0%. Logistic regression identified having a cold during pregnancy, decoration during pregnancy, living near a mobile communication base station within 100 meters, keeping pets, and high SAS as independent risk factors.
Zalata A et al. · 2015
In this prospective study, 124 semen samples were grouped into normozoospermia (N, n=26), asthenozoospermia (A, n=32), asthenoteratozoospermia (AT, n=31), and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT, n=35). Each sample was split into non-exposed and exposed portions, with the exposed portion receiving cell phone radiation for 1 hour. After exposure, sperm motility, acrosin activity, DNA fragmentation, and CLU gene expression were assessed. Exposure significantly decreased sperm motility, linear velocity, linearity index, and acrosin activity, and significantly increased DNA fragmentation, CLU gene expression, and CLU protein levels, with the largest changes in the OAT group.
Shokri S, Soltani A, Kazemi M, Sardari D, Mofrad FB. · 2015
Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation in a chamber with two Wi-Fi antennas and divided into a control group and groups exposed for 1 hour or 7 hours per day for two months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis, and apoptotic indexes were evaluated. Both exposure groups showed a decrease in sperm parameters in a time-dependent pattern, increased apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity in seminiferous tubules, and significantly reduced seminal vesicle weight compared to controls.
